This posting is an annotated bibliography focused broadly on touchscreen and gesture user interfaces, on-line character recognition (a.k.a. dynamic character recognition, a.k.a. pen and touch computing), both hardware and software. It has been a continuing work-in-progress since the 1980s. It includes references on related technical topics I have encountered in my career: for example PDAs/highly-portable computing, cryptographic communications, signature verification, biometric authentication, and digital rights management (DRM). I am posting it as a service to those with interest in the field.

It may also be of special interest to anyone investigating any of the areas of digitizer tablets, touchscreens, character recognition, touch/gesture user interfaces, multi-touch computing, passive and active tactile feedback, touch and proximity sensors, augmented reality, haptics, context-dependent intrepretation of user input, and applications including the same. It covers the time period from approximately 1887 / 1891 (first electronic tablets with "touch" input and a display), through 1914 (first electronic gesture/handwriting-recognition input and user-interface system), to the first handwriting-recognition tablet device connected to a modern electronic computer in 1957 (the "Stylator") and the more famous Rand Tablet (1961), to the present day.

As with any subject, the focus has modulated over the decades, and this bibliography follows these topics both forward in time, and historically back in time. Tablets and touchscreens have evolved into a variety of pointing devices, into PDAs and smart-phones, locating and gesturing sensors with three-dimensional input with six degrees of freedom, and more.

For example, there are no real lines between touch sensing for robotics, touch and contact sensing for user human input, fingerprint sensors, and touch and proximity sensing in general.

Likewise, there are no real lines between haptics for touchscreens, haptics for instrumentation, and biometric feedback. Earlier work on handwriting recognition, with handwritten symbols sometimes used for command input as "gestures", has evolved to be part of a much broader range of gestures, including in-air and 3D gestures.

Command user interfaces have merged with direct manipulation, and then with graphical user interfaces and virtual reality. Authenticating handwritten signatures has evolved to additional forms of dynamic biometrics. Haptic feedback has evolved from "simple" force-feedback to encompass tactile stimulation using electrovibration and sonic shock waves, and perceptual effects of visual and audio signaling. Virtual reality systems seem to have waxed and waned, and waxed again.

It is, indeed, a rich and complicated field, in all its aspects.

• This compilation and all annotations are copyright © Jean Renard Ward, 1992, 1996, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022, 2023, 2025.
• Permission is hereby given to link to these pages, or to cite or use this information in publication, including confidential reports, provided notice of the source is given as stated below along with the full URL of this page.
  
  

  Source:	Annotated Bibliography in On-line Character Recognition, Pen Computing,
  	Gesture User Interfaces and Tablet and Touch Computers, and related topics
  	Copyright ©Jean Renard Ward

For additional information on Rueters-Ward Services, including my CV for consulting or as an expert witness: URL:   http://www.ruetersward.com.) e-mail: jrward@alum.mit.edu Google Voice: 617-600-4095

References from the approximate years 1981 to 1983.

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• [ABAJournal81a] ABA Journal "Computer Add-Ons: Micropad handwriting terminal", ABA Journal, May 1981, Vol 67, page 625
  Product information announcement about Micropad handwriting-recognition terminal (see file) from Micropad, Inc.: Micropod is a local or remote input terminal which captures handwritten data at the time of writing, translating It into machine readable form.
• [ANSI81] ANSI "ANSI X3H31 Status Report on the H31 Strawman Proposal on Input Functionality", Document X3H31/31-11R1, April 20, 1981
• [ARRL81a] American Radio Relay League, staff "The Radio Amateur's Handbook, 58th ed.", American Radio Relay League, 1981
  Amateur radio electronics and theory.
• [Agui81a] Agui, T.; Matsubara, K. and Nakajima, M. "Sequential Computer Processing of a Collection of Closed Curves and Its Application to Pattern Recognition", Trans. of the IECE of Japan, Vol E64, No 10, October 1981, pp 661-666 (abstract only)
  Chain-code transformation, for matching similar curves.
• [Amin82] Amin, Adnan, and Masini, Gerald "Machine recognition of cursive Arabic words", SPIE Vol 359, Applications of Digital Image Processing IV, 1982, pp 286-292
  Dictionary lookup for word-by-word handwriting recognition of Arabic. Segmentation: some Arabic letters are discontinuous, so Arabic words are 1 to 7 strokes (not counting dots?). Handwriting spelling dictionary look up by number of strokes, number of dots, number of intersections in Arabic. Cited in FoleyJD82. Input model: precursor to PHIGS and CGI, postcursor to SIGGRAPH CORE?
• [Anson82] Anson, E. "The Device Model of Interaction", Computer Graphics, Vol 16 No 3, July 1982, pp 107-114
  Critique of CORE graphics standard, need for composite devices. Compare with proposal by Pencept for handwriting recognition input to PHIGS standard. Model supports multiple (simulated) devices, two-handed input, contrasted with ping-pong input of one device at a time. Refers to user-interface of simulating a virtual soft keyboard /function buttons on a tablet. Cites to Foley for virtual devices. Cites to van den Bos for interchangeability of virtual and physical devices. Mentions use of two iput devices simultaneously: compare with bimanual input with Buxton?
• [Apollo83a] Apollo Computer "Getting Started With Your Domain System (Apollo)", Apollo Computer, 1983
  General user manual for Apollo workstation. Hierarchical file system, windows. No citation to Unix. Touchpad included on workstation keyboard.
• [Apple83a] Apple Computer "Apple Modem 300/1200 User's Manual", Apple, Inc. 1983 (hardcopy book)
  Modem command set for Hayes-compatible Apple modem.
• [Apple83b] Apple Computer "Apple Operating System Reference Manual for the Lisa", Apple, Inc. 1983
  Operating system reference for Apple Lisa (predecessor to Apple MacIntosh): low-level programming, mouse, no tablet.
• [Applicon83] Applicon "IAGL User's Guide", Applicon Inc., Burlington, Massachusetts, June 1983
  cited in RubinSM84: Ledeen recognizer?
• [ArakawaK83a] Arakawa, K. "On-line recognition of hand-written characters -- Alphanumeric, hiragana, katakana, kanji", Recognition, Vol 16 No 1, pp 9-16, 1983. Published earlier as (Arakawa78)
  Fourier coefficients of strokes as feature points in on-line recognition. For Roman alphabet, 29 single-stroke and 7 two-stroke character shapes (limited variants?). For Hiragana alphabet, 10 single-stroke and 18 two-stroke character shapes, 13 3-stroke, 5 4-stroke. Originally published Arakawa 1978.
• [Atari83a] Atari Home Computer "The Atari Touch Tablet with AtariArtist Software: Owner's Guide", Atari, Inc., 1983
  User guide for Atari touch tablet. Stylus with one side-button, two control buttons on tablet. Interfaces via "paddle" ports on Atari home computer.
• [BabbGR82] Babb, Gerald R. and Kuklinski, Theodore T. "Pattern Algorithm Permits Freehand Printed-Data Entry", Computer Technology Review, Winter 1982
  Shows basic features of first Pencept product: single-stroke and multi-stroke forms, boxed input.
• [Badie82] Badie, K. and Shimura, M. "Machine Recognition of Roman Cursive Scripts", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp 28-30, 1982
  Refers to similarity/variability of loop and arc in script handwriting. Script recognition using clock-wise vs counter-clockwise loops and arcs. Refers to corner(cusp)/loop transition in script writing.
• [Bahl81] Bahl, L. R. and Cocke, J. "Font-Independent Character Recognition by Cryptanalysis", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 24 No 3, August 1981, pp. 1588-1589
  Cites Baum-Petree algorithm for decoding. Font- and language-independent recognition by doing cryptanalysis on whatever categories and arbitrary recognition comes up with?
• [Bahl83] Bahl, L. R.; Jelinek, F. and Mercer, R. L. "A Maximum Likelihood Approach to Continuous Speech Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 2, March 1983, pp 179-190
  Realistic testing: artificial tasks vs natural tasks (for a priori grammar for speech). Speech: acoustic/phonetic encoding vs communication theory model.
• [BarachDR81] Barach, David R., Taenzer, David H.; Wells, Robert E. "Design of the PEN Video Editor Display Module", ACM Conf. Proc. ACM 0-89791 050 -8/81/0600/0130, 1981
  Video text editor to emulate different computer keyboard terminals, with separation of data and display modules: does not involve pointing/pen or character recognition input. (Copy provided by Gary Odom).
• [BarkerPG82] Barker, P. G. "Data base interaction using a hand print terminal", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol 17, 1982, pp 435-458
  DCR Dynamic / online Character Recognition devices allow several novel kinds of user interactions / interfaces. Says needs much higher resolution digitizer touch-pad than is available.
• [BarlowGA83a] Barlow, Gordon A.; Tutt, Timothy T.; Karlin, Richard A.; and Krutsch, John R. "Optical position location apparatus", US Patent 4,420,261, December 13, 1983
  Cross-beam matrix optical touchscreen, using one directional transmitter and one directional sensor at opposite corners, serrated/curved mirrors around touchpanel reflect beams across touchpanel in X/Y matrix paths.
• [BartelsRH83a] Bartels, Richard H.; Beatty, John C.; Booth, Kellogg S.; and Field, Daniel E. "Computer Graphics Laboratory Fall 1983 Review, Univ. of Waterloo", University of Waterloo, Computer Science Department, Report CS-83-33, December 1983
  GTCO Digi Pad 5 Pressure Pen Tablet; comments on lack of smarts used in microprocessors for functionality of pointing devices: example is buffering of data in pointing device to avoid data over-run from host buffering-- does not comment on latency. Labanotation input for dance transcription (Benesh editor).
• [BejczyAK81a] Bejczy, Antal K. "Touch Sensor Responds to Contact Pressure", NASA Tech Briefs, Summer 1981, pp. 207..208
  Optical tactile pressure sensor: fiber optic fiber brings light source to a sensing cell, reflected light picked up by sensing fiber to detector. Specifically calls out example 10-by-10 X/Y matrix, requiring 10 sources and 10 detectors, scanned sequentially by pulsing sources and detectors. Compare with scanning on Rekimoto capacitive multi-touch touch tablet?
• [BennionSI81a] Bennion, S.I.; Creager, J.D.; and VanHouter, R.D. "Touch Sensitive Graphics Terminal Applied To Process Control", Computer Graphics, vol 15 no 4, December 1981
  Report on touchscreen control system for research fast breeder reactor. Signal interruption touchscreen: optical LEDs and photodetectors over display. Signal reflection touchscreen: acoustic reflection (compare SAW?). Direct detection touchscreen: transparent capacitive pads: compare with CERN touchscreen? Two mylar sheets with transparent resistive layer.
• [BewleyWL83a] Bewley, William L.; Roberts, Teresa L.; Schroit, David; and Verplank, William L. "Human Factors Testing in the Design of Xerox's 8010 "Star" Office Workstation", Proc. CHI '83, December 1983, pp. 72-77
  User interface usability testing of Xerox Star GUI, primarily on use of mouse buttons, 1/2/3-button mouse: separate button for drag/copy/select, multiple clicks (double click, etc.) Drawthrough gesture for selection: not quite press-and-hold.
• [BigelowJE81a] Bigelow, John E. "Capacitive Touch Control and Display", US Patent 4,264,903, April 28, 1981
  Capacitive rotary touch input combined with light display: rotary control on panel without a mechanical opening for a rotor. Compare with virtual devices?
• [Biswas81] Biswas, Prasenjit and Majumdar, Arun K. "A Multistage Fuzzy Classifier for Recognition of Handprinted Characters", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-11 No 12, December, 1981, pp 834-838
  Test results on 12 of the 35 Devanagari alphabet handwritten characters (all work done by hand: did not have a real computer?). Fuzzy set classifier for Devanagari (Indian) handwriting recognition. Data collection: tested on the 70% "satisfactory" sample writing sheets: bias in sample? points out subjectiveness of training? (pairwise comparison?) syntactic method only applied to handwritten characters which were confusible.
• [Blesser83] Blesser, B. "Multistage Digital Filtering Utilizing Several Criteria", US Patent 4,375,081, February 22, 1983
  Low-pass digital filter for a tablet to pre-process handwritten character to eliminate wobble/digitization noise before recognition.
• [BoldridgeAG81a] Boldridge, Austin G. "Barooptical Verification Apparatus", US Patent 4,281,313, July 28, 1981
  Tablet for X-Y movements and pressure patterns for signature verification. Optical (compare: infra-red) paths for X/Y position, capacitive measurement of deflection of surface for tip force/pressure. Shown in front of CRT display: touchscreen. Tablet == Barooptical sensor.
• [BoltRA81a] Bolt, Richard A. "Gaze-orchestrated Dynamic Windows", ACM Computer Graphics, vol 15 no 3, August 1981, pp. 109..119
  eye-tracking direction of gaze used to show more detail (semantic detail) where user is looking, less in peripheral vision/field-of-view. Corneal reflection, not eyeglass frame sensors.
• [Bozinovic82] Bozinovic, Radmilo and Srihari, Sargur N. "A string correction algorithm for cursive script recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 4, November 1982, pp 655-663
  Handwriting cursive script recognition using channel model of dictionary: allows for splitting, merging, and substitution (segment parsing errors). Cited in Bozinovic89 for context: probabilistic spelling corrector based on a distance metric for strings.
• [BritishMicro82a] British Micro "Operating Guide to GRAFPAD", British Micro, 1982
  User guide for GRAFPAD, low-cost graphics tablet for ZX Spectrum early PCs. Resolution 256x320 (16x20 of boxes of 16x16 points), stylus with tip switch. Printed overlays for virtual keyboard (not on-screen), application menus. See also CPCWiki reference.
• [BrodyH83a] Brody, Herb "Machines that Read Move Up a Grad", Hight Technology, February 1983, pp 35-ff
  Review of commercial OCR products and applications (document sorting), including Kurzweil,
• [BrownF83] Brown, Frances "The acquisition of handwriting in the UK", Oral presentation at the Criminalistic Institute in Prague, 1983. Written form available at http://www.bham.ac.uk/english/bibliography/handwriting/new_web_pages/acquisition.htm
  Report on handwriting styles taught and learned in the UK. Points out that there is no single style of handwriting taught in copybooks in the UK, unlike some other countries. Advisor, Tom Davis, comments on the diversity of writing styles in signature verification and the detection of forgeries.
• [BrownMK83] Brown, M. K. and Ganapathy, S. "Preprocessing Techniques for Cursive Script Word Recognition", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16 No 5, pp 447-458, 1983
  adaptive/trainable recognition, suggests "closed loop" verification (feedback to user) is helpful. Much DCR/CSR handwriting/gesture recognition research is commercial/proprietary, therefore not published. DCR (gesture/handwriting input) picking up as result of human factors in Man/Machine interface. Writer (author) independent recognition would be more desirable than present trained recognition. In development, necessary to hand-correct for real-world errors in input data collection.
• [BrownRM83] Brown, Robert M. and Cheng, C. F. "Optical Character Recognition for Automated Cartography: The Advanced Development Handprinted Symbol Recognition System", Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, NSTL Station, Mississippi, Report No NORDA-TN-187, March 1983
  Overview of handwritten/hand-printed character recognition (OCR) as part of cartography system. OCR, but discusses reconstruction of strokes / dynamic motion for characters, including filled-in/blurred characters. Thinning to line segments. Shows digit characters with "extra" spurs (tick marks) produced by thinning.
• [BuckleD81a] Buckle, Derek and Strand, Timothy D. "Processing of Information", US Patent 4,262,281, April 14, 1981
  Quest Automation / Datapad product patent on handwriting recognition: Claims on alignment/registration of paper on digitizer tablet by marking on pre-printed alignment targets. Pressure-sensitive tablet with floating hand rest to keep hand from pressing on tablet. See also Micropad.
• [BurrDJ81a] Burr, D. J. "Elastic matching of line drawings", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, March, 1981, pp 708-713
  Handwritten sketch/character input recognition: refers to IEEE handwriting data base collection 1.2.4: (24x36 binary OCR). Like Greenberg77, throws out handwriting samples from IEEE Database 1.2.4 as "poorly written".
• [BurrDJ83a] Burr, D. J. "Designing a Handwriting Reader", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 5, pp 554-559, September 1983
  Context by matching grouped letters into words using Unix "spell". Separate "training dictionary" for each user: single-stroke characters, discrete characters. Segmentation by pen-lift only, therefore unistroke only: "t" "i" etc. must be made with one stroke.
• [BuryKF81a] Bury, Kevin F.; Boyle, James M.; Evey, R. James; and Neal, Alan S. "Windowing vs Scrolling on a Visual Display Terminal", Proc. CHI '82, pp. 41..44
  Study of windowing (actually, panning) vs scrolling on displays: difference is direction: whether upward motion moves apparent window up, or apparent document up. Most subjects preferred windowing, but scroll users strongly preferred. Input was cursor arrow keys, not mouse or tablet: so not clear on effects of having a scroll bar or a flick/scroll gesture. Scrolling done with arrow keys.
• [Buxton82] Buxton, William "An Informal Study of Selection Positioning Tasks", Graphics Interface '82, pp 323-ff
  trainable, short-hand single-stroke symbols for graphical shapes, graphics editing: Unistroke, terminated by pen lift at the end. Gestures are checkmark, downward stroke, and upwards stroke.
• [Buxton83] Buxton, William; Fiune, Eugene; Hill, Ralph; Lee, Alison; and Woo, Carson "Continuous hand-gesture driven input", Proc. Graphics Interface 83, page 191-195, 1983
  Gesture input: tap/circle gesture. Says velocity-sensitive gestures difficult. Digitizer stylus must be held vertical to get good results -- reference to stylus tilt problem, often miss-called parallax. Cited in Rhyne86.
• [Buxton83a] Buxton, William "Lexical and Pragmatic Considerations of Input Structures", Computer Graphics, January 1983, pp 31-ff
  Lexical (chunking and phrasing) aspects of compound gestures.
• [Buxton83b] Buxton, William "Towards a Comprehensive User Interface Management System", Computer Graphics, Vol 17, No 3, July 1983
  MENULAY/MAKEMENU system: User-interface editor, user can sketch user interface and then associate actions with user interface elements. Uses four-button puck on graphics tablet.
• [BuxtonWB83c] Buxton, William "Etch: A Study in Marking-Based Interaction", University of Toronto, 1983: available at http://billbuxton.com
  Video demonstration to accompany "Continuous Hand-Gesture Driven Output". Complexity of marking menus can be reduced by structuring the dialogs.
• [BuxtonWB83d] Buxton, William "Menulay: A UIMS for Rapidly Sketching Prototyping and Implementing User Interfaces", University of Toronto, 1983: available at http://billbuxton.com
  Video demonstration to accompany "Towards a Comprehensive User Interface Management Systems". System for defining user interfaces using sketching and marking menus.
• [Byte82a] Williams, Greg "Title Article: The IBM Personal Computer -- A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer", BYTE Magazine, Vol 7 No 1, January 1982
  Overview of IBM personal computer. IBM support both CP/M-86 and MSDOS. "A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer" (Gregg Williams). IBM Basic (GW/Basic). Also articles on Cromix (Unix OS clone), Atari graphical smooth scrolling implementation. HIPAD tablet digitizer from Houston Instruments, with keyboard simulation.
• [Byte83a] BYTE Magazine "Special Issue: Inside the IBM PC", BYTE Magazine, Vol 8 No 11, November 1983
  Detailed hardware and software description of features of the IBM personal computer. MS/DOS 2.0 installable drivers, background tasking. Pencept PenPad text/graphics with handwriting recognition. IBM Kana/Japanese keyboard / IBM 5550 system keyboard. "Big Blue goes Japanese" Has pictures of the complexity of keyboards for Japanese and Chinese characters. Article on Concurrent CP/M operating system.
• [Byte83b] BYTE Magazine "Product Description: The Gavilan Mobile Computer", BYTE Magazine, Vol 8 No 6, June 1983, pp. 76..92
  Mobile computer with keyboard, small character display (8 lines), optional fully-attached printer -- computer with Wang portable computer? Intel 8088, auto power-off power management on 3 inch hard disk drive, small touch panel / touchpad above keyboard: cursor control in center, fixed function buttons at sides (e.g. View/Cancel/Open), pop-up menus. Touchpanel pointing input is relative, not absolute. Double/triple/quadruple taps for word/text selection.
• [CTS81] CTS Recognition "Telepad product information", 13-14 Golden Square, London W1R 3AG, England, 1981
  Early Micropad-like British handwriting recognition product. Product information shown in Ward 1992 "History" video, at about 18:30.
• [CalComp83] CalComp "CalComp 2000 Series Digitizer Operator's Manual", 50218-1, page 15, CalComp Inc., January 1983
• [CalderBE83a] Calder, Bruce Edward "Design of a Force-Feedback Touch-Inducing Actuator for Teleoperator Robot Control", Senior Thesis, M.I.T., Dept. Mechanical Eng. and Dept. Elec. Eng., May 1983
  Force-feedback to user using pneumatic air sacks in glove to apply pressure for tactile feel.
• [Carau81] Carau, F.; Hetzel, H. and Tremblay, M. "Travelling Wave Digitizer", US Patent 4,255,617, March 10, 1981
  Digitizer measuring X and Y sequentially in time. Mentions velocity correction for bowing of diagonal lines, corrections for non-orthogonality, course and fine measurements in two stages. X/Y Grid, puck with magnifying glass shown.
• [CardSK83a] Card, Stuart K.; Moran, Thomas P.; and Newell, Allen "The Psychology of Human-Computer Action", Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1983
  User interfaces discussed in terms of keyboard interactions. One section on Grafcon tablet: section on pointing/selection speed only compares joystick vs. mouse.
• [Carey83] Carey, Tom "User Differences in Interface Design", IEEE Computer, November 1982, pp 14-ff
  Early essay on user interface design for varied users: range to be dealt with is not just beginner/intermediate/experienced users, also range of learning styles (hands-on versus read the documentation, visual learners versus text learners).
• [CarrollAB81a] Carroll, Arthur B.; Lazarevich, Vladeta D.; and Gardner, Mark R. "Touch Panel with Ambient Light Sensing", US Patent 4,243,879, January 6, 1981
  Photoelectric/optical touch panel: senses ambient light level "immediately before" light signal is to be sensed, to adjust base level / background level sensitivity for no-touch.
• [CarrollJM82a] Carroll, John M. "The Adventure of Getting to Know a Computer", IEEE Computer, November 1982
  User interfaces better if friendly: no unfriendly error messages. Also mentions discoverability in user interface design.
• [CaseyRG82a] Casey, R. G. and Nagy, G. "Recursive Segmentation and Classification of Composite Character Patterns", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Munich, Germany, October 1982, pp 1023-1026
  Combine character segmentation with classification in adaptive decision tree. Optical resolution good enough for recognition may be too low to segment characters. (like cursive/connected vs discrete characters segmentation): some touching characters in OCR can only be segmented by recognizing component characters.
• [Casio83] Casio "Module No. 658 Wrist-watch Controller", Casio, 1983
  Touchscreen controller for Casio wristwatch. Electronic file includes additional material on VDB-1000, Casio Databank with small keyboard on wristwatch. Very early Smart-Watch. User manual for Casio wristwatch: may be the model with touchscreen input and handwriting recognition, manual describes small keyboard input.
• [ChaiTY83a] Chai, Thomas Y. "Matrix screening and grounding arrangement and method", US Patent 4,405,917, September 20, 1983
  Capacitive keyboard with keys corresponding to crossings of X/Y matrix of wires. Says inherently provides N-key rollover since all keys (capacitors in capacitor array / nodes) addressed at any time by multiplexer (compare: capacitive multi-touch tablet?). Compare also with Kaplow?
• [ChalkBoard83a] Devlin, Joe "The legend of the pad of power", Creative Computing, Vol 9 No 10, October 1983, page 52
  Chalkboard Power Pad: touch-sensitive membrane graphics tablet responding to more than one touch at a time, can image contact of entire hand. Resolution 120x120. Sold as educational toy. multi-touch capable?
• [ChalkBoard83b] Crowell, Gregory William "Chalkboard PowerPad graphics tablet", Chalkboard Inc, 1983: at Personal Computer Museum, Brantford Ontario, Canada (2011)
  Chalkboard Power Pad: pressure-sensitive membrane graphics tablet responding to more than one touch at a time. Resolution 120x120. Sold as educational toy. Pressure-switch touch graphics tablet, 14,400 sensor points for 10x10 resolution on 12x12 inch surface. "Has no problem resolving simultaneous multiple inputs" (multi-touch), "software stretching" to interpolate (?) to higher resolution.
• [ChristJP82a] Christ, James P. and Sanderson, Arthur C. "A Prototype Tactile Sensor Array", Carnegie-Mellon University Report R1-TR11, September 15, 1982
  8x8 tactile sensor array, two-layer grid of conductors with compressible conductive foam layer between (pressure-sensitive resistive elastomeric/rubber material). Force/pressure sensing. Refers to ghosting/ghost points as "missing corner problem": three points of touch on a rectangle, false/ghost reading of fourth corner. Unsensed conductors all held at common voltage to eliminate leakage and coupling, ghost points. Compare with multi-touch? Mentions pressure/force sensors: spring-loaded switches, potentiometers on spring-loaded push rods, piezo-electric / piezo-resistive materials, piezo-diodes, conductive sponge, conductive rubber, strain gauges. Mentions problems of drift/baseline level, measurement of contact area. Carbon fibers change in resistance with bending.
• [Cognex83a] Cognex Corporation "Cognex Corporation presents DataMan", Cognex Corp., 1983
  Date approximate: OCR product for reading serial numbers and other identifying numbers in manufacturing and shipping, such as product IDs on boxes.
• [ComputerGW82] Computer Graphics World "Digitizer Survey", Computer Graphics World, July 1982, pp 66-69
  Vendor survey in 1982 for digitizing tablets, video scanner digitizers.
• [Computerworld81a] Computerworld "Micropad: Data Entry Unit Accepts Writing", Computerworld, July 6, 1981, p. 52
  Announcement of Buffered Micropad handwriting recognition input terminal, 512 characters, built-in one-line LED display.
• [Computerworld82a] Computerworld "Image Data Tablet System", Computerworld, January 18, 1982, page 14
  Image Data Tablet System: Tablet and monitor with handprint (handwriting) recognition, mathematical calculation, graphics mode input, on-tablet keyboard icons. May be Pencept PenPad 200?
• [ConklinD83] Conklin, Dick "PC Graphics (excerpt)", Wiley IBM PC services, ISBM 0-471-89207-6, 1983
  Early reference to digitizing tablets with IBM PC: rotational transformation, digitizer resolution much higher than display: typical resolution of tablet 2048 points (sic).
• [CooperLN81a] Cooper, Leon N. and Elbaum, Charles "Information Processing System using Threshold Passive Modification", US Patent 4,254,474, March 3, 1981
  Nestor Graphics patent: neural net. See additional Nestor references.
• [CooperLN82b] Cooper, Leon N.; Elbaum, Charles; and Reilly, Douglas L. "Self Organizing General Pattern Class Separator and Identifier", US Patent 4,326,259, April 20, 1982, also European Patent Application 81300559.2
  Nestor Graphics patent on pattern/handwriting recognition. See additional Nestor references.
• [CoxCH82a] Cox, C. H. III; Coueignoux, P.; Blesser, B. and Eden, M. "Skeletons: A Link Between Theoretical and Physical Letter Descriptions", Pattern Recognition, Vol 15 No 1, PP 11-22, 1982
  Barry Blesser's group: functional attribute (cognitive) vs synthetic (generative). Deal with embellishments separates from base pattern (in OCR). Type Roman characters described as skeletons with straight line segments only, character defined as the relative relationship among the end-points of the line segments. Cites to Shillman functional attributes.
• [CraigJC82a] Craig, James C. and Sherrick, Carl E. "Dynamic tactile displays", in "Tactual Perception: A sourcebook", William Schiff and Emerson Foulke, ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 209..233
  Haptic display: distinguishes "dynamic" tactile/vibrotactile displays from static tangible displays (e.g. Braille display) by creating moving pattern over stack skin: Optacon by Telesensory Systems; TVSS camera display on skin of user's back. Describs problem of masking: e.g. three vibrator stimulators, if two outside are stimulated, user cannot sense vibration state of middle one.
• [CraneHD82a] Crane, H. D. and Wolf, D. E. "Dynamic Creation of Signatures", US Patent 4,344,135, August 10, 1982
  Human-reading for signature verification. Test signature and reference sample are scaled to same size and area, and displayed for visual inspection and verification. Hew Crane: amendment to Crane79: patent 4,156,911 (?).
• [CraneHD83a] Crane, H. D. and Ostrem, J. S. "Automatic Signature Verification Using a Three-Axis Force-Sensitive Pen", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-13 No 3, May 1983, pp 329-337
  Writing pen with obstructed view: accelerometer (no touch screen). Mentions three-axis force tablet.
• [CreasyRJ81a] Creasy, R.J. "The Origin of the VM/370 Time-Sharing System", IBM Jnl of Research and Development, vol 25 no 5, September 1981, pp. 483..490
  History of VM/370 virtual machine operating system, based on CP/CMS. Files relayed over virtual communications links between machines. All system commands implemented as separate files (executable files).
• [DagnelieJP82a] Degnelie, Jean-Paul; Veilex, Robert; and Rahuel, Jean-Claude "Teletext and display apparatus for general surface", US Patent 4,361,725, November 30, 1982
  Cross-wire / wire-sheet matrix touchscreen using AC current. Metallic pen/stylus sends current signal from wire (electromagnetic?), alternatively signal is sensed by pen/stylus. Wire dimension a few hundredths of a millimeter (order of 30 microns). Wires in flexible transparent material.
• [DahlJP81a] Dahl, Jerome P.; Epley, Phillip R.; and Fox, Jon E. "Program Controlled Capacitive Keyboard Variable Threshold Sensing System", US Patent 4,305,135, December 8, 1981
  Capacitive key matrix keyboard, references touch-sensing circuit in IBM journal.
• [DamerauFJ82a] Damerau, Frederick J. "Guess-ahead feature for a keyboard-display terminal data input system", US Patent 4,330,845, May 13, 1982
  Auto-completion of typed text: if what is typed so far matches text in a list/dictionary, monitor shows rest of that text without advancing cursor, user can type over or hit a function key (right arrow) to accept. Compare with auto-completion in MAC LISP, word prediction in accessibility on-screen keyboard software?
• [Datamation81a] Datamation "Signature Verification: Quest Micropad", Datamatnion, July 1981, p. 171
  Product announcement on QSIGN signature authentification/verification on Quest MicroPad: analyzes shape and "rhythm" of signature, based on National Physical Labratory in England. Notes 40-character display, stylus is ordinary pencil on paper form.
• [DavisD81a] Davis, D. "Forensic Handwriting Analysis - The Key in Fighting Forgery", Intl. Security Review, No 12, January 1981, pp. 70-76 (abstract only)
  Overview of forensic analysis of handwriting an signature for authentication. No two signature examples by same person identical, examiner must understand idiosyncracies. Three styles of handwriting: natural when capturing information, formal, and unnatural when intentionally modified. Affect pressure, writing speed, size. Document examination includes infra-red and ultraviolet examination of ink and paper.
• [DavisR83a] Davis, Robert "Digitizer with floating scan", US Patent 4,368,352, January 11, 1983
  Coarse/fine scanning in electromagnetic digitizer table: position detection by zero-crossing.
• [DeBruyneP82a] deBruyne, Pieter "Position-determining System", US Patent 4,317,005, February 23, 1982
  Acoustic digitizer/tablet using "Sell-=type" transducers to generate an acoustic pulse shock wave, and pick up reflections from (passive) reflectors at sides of the tablet area. Specifically mentions cursor control, signature verification, and handwriting capture/transmission. Prior art section discusses spark generators in stylus to produce an acoustic shockwave, mentions jitter and variations in speed of sound transmission (bad behaviors) because of drafts, temperature changes, humidity, wind currents, air pressure. Also electromagnetic and magnetostrictive tablets. Says any suitable tip-switch may be used in a stylus. Transducers must be placed to avoid interference from fingers (bad behavior). Small plastic spheres to absorb noise.
• [DenningDE81a] Denning, Dorothy E. and Sacco, Giovanni Maria "Timestamps in Key Distribution Protocols", CACM vol 24 no 8, August 1981, pp. 533-536
  Use of timestamps in key-exchange algorithms and signatures to prevent re-plays. (Compare with use of nonce).
• [DenningDE82a] Denning, Dorothy Elizabeth Robley "Cryptography and Data Security", Addison-Wesley, 1982
  Textbook on cryptography and security -- security primarily access controls (Bell-La Padula, etc.) Certificate and public/private key PKI distribution. Hamming encoding.
• [DooijesEH83a] Dooijes, E. H. "Analysis of Handwriting Movements", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 99-114
  Frequency-domain analysis of handwriting movements in X and Y: Lissajous analysis.
• [DosterW83a] Doster, W. and Oed, R. "Zur Bildanalyse bei der Handschriftlichen Direkteingabe", Proc. Mustererkennung 1983, October 11-13, 1983, Karlsruhe, West Germany
  Best description of AEG's segmentation/parsing algorithm for handwritten characters. Blithely claims that rasterization of dynamic on-line character data would reduce this with OCR to the same problem (but the OCR segmentation problem is harder!).
• [DosterW83b] Doster, W. and Schuermann, J. "A Step Towards Intelligent Document Input to Computers", Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, June 19-23, 1983, Washington, DC, pp 515-516
  Scan in documents with OCR, use on-line handwriting recognition user-interface to edit them.
• [DoughertyLW82a] Dougherty, Lawrence W. "Shadow mask suspension means for color cathode ray picture tubes", US Patent 4,355,260, October 19, 1982
  Technique for controlling sheet resistance for flow of current is varying size of perforation holes to reduce cross-sectional current-carrying dimension (shadow mask for CRT cathode ray tubes).
• [DowdingFJ81a] Dowding, F.J. and Davies, E.G. "Evaluation of digilux-touch-sensing equipment under whole-body random vibration conditions.", Applied Ergonomics, vol 14 no 4, December 1983, p. 311
  Summary of report on how accurately users can point with touchscreen in simulated flight vibration: 5mm in static conditions, 10 mm with simulated turbulence. Compare with fat-finger and touchscreen while walking? Mentions Marconi Digilux (optical beam) touchscreen.
• [Downton83] Downton, A. C.; Baker, R. G.; Lewis, S. M. and Cooper, P. J. "Readability measurements of Palantype transcription for the Deaf", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol. 19, pp 575-594, 1983
  Study of Palantype machine shorthand (e.g. court-reporter stenographic typing): phonetically encoded English. Converted to full-text by computer algorithm, with and without correction via dictionary for miss-typed input, spelling errors. Typical Palantype transcriptions have chord (word) error rates of 10 to 20%.
• [DunnK81a] Dunn, K. "Choose Digitizer Technology and Features to Suit Applications", Computer Technology Review, Fall/Winter 1981, pp 171-175
  Many limiting characteristics of digitizers (width of pencil line, etc.). List of what can be spec'ed for a digitizer performance (but not the trade-offs).
• [DunnK81b] Dunn, K. "Understanding digitizer resolution and accuracy", Mini-Micro Systems, December 1981
  Differential linearity error is a digitizer's worst enemy; Clumping and stretching of digitizer co-ordinates for X-vs-X non-linearity; Digitizer accuracy vs digitizer stability; General review of digitizer characteristics and proper specifications.
• [ElbaumC82a] Elbaum, Charles and Cooper, Leon N. "Curve Follower", US Patent 4,319,331, March 9, 1982
  Curve follower to turn OCR handwritten data into DCR/on-line recognition character data. Nestor Graphics patent. Compare with extraction of writing motion from signatures on paper for signature authentication/verification?
• [Elliot82] Elliott, B. J. "Apparatus for Determining Pen Acceleration", US Patent 4,345,239, August 17, 1982
  Capacitive sensor for measuring pen/stylus acceleration for signature verification.
• [Embley81] Embley, D. W. and Nagy, G. "Behavioral Aspects of Text Editors", ACM Computing Surveys, Vol 13 No 1, March 1981, pp 33-70
  Cites gaps in human factors/engineering and cognitive psychology literature re text editing user-interface; human factors of using digitizing tablets for text editing. Cites "taste for federal funding" as reason some human factors studies have skipped various interests: research selection bias. Users frequently will not use mouse in text editing: (we say "3-handed monkey" effect): three-handed monkey. Tablet: pointing with light pen fatigueing (gorilla arm?), and not accurate enough. Cites to Suen 1980 paper on "auxiliary mark recognition" (gestures?). States that mouse pointing performance slightly better than joystick, light pen, trackball.
• [EvansKB81] Evans, Kenneth B.; Tanner, Peter P.; and Wein, Marceli "Tablet-based Valuators that Provide One, Two, or Three Degrees of Freedom", Computer Graphics, Vol. 15 No. 3, August 1981, pp. 91..97
  Digitizer tablet simulation/emulation of virtual input devices: turntable, multiple number wheels, three-axis trackball.
• [EventoffFN81a] Eventoff, Franklin N. and Christiansen, M. Tyrone "Multi-function Touch Switch Apparatus", US Patent 4,268,815, May 19, 1981
  Dual-function pushbutton switch: one pair of layers is simple on/off to turn on power of (MOS) device, second pair of layers is force/pressure-sensitive transducer (FSR material). Used in musical instruments.
• [EventoffFN82a] Eventoff, Franklin N. "Electronic Pressure Sensitive Transducer Apparatus", US Patent 4,314,227, February 3, 1982
  Force/pressure-sensor using thin film of material with microscopic particles of conducting material (force-sensitive resistor? microscopic particles on surface make more contact with stylus with more pressure/force by stylus). Does not depend on resilience/elastomeric/rubbery of material for a restoring force: uses contact resistance. Used in musical instruments.
• [EventoffFN83a] Eventoff, Franklin N. "Pressure Sensitive Electronic Device", Canadian Patent 1,153,801, September 13, 1983
  Force/pressure-sensor using thin film of material with microscopic particles of conducting material (force-sensitive resistor). Does not depend on resilience/elastomeric/rubbery of material for a restoring force: uses contact resistance. Used in musical instruments. Multiple touch switch (multi-touch) with lateral/horizontal or vertical configuration. Allows for a rolling gesture of ginger. Shows interdigitated electrode pattern.
• [Fairhurst82a] Fairhurst, M. C. "Image Characteristics as Assessment Criteria for an Electronic Writing Aid", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Man-Machine Systems, July 1982, pp 191-195
  Claims better test results for machine recognition than for human reader (!).
• [Fairhurst82b] Fairhurst, M. C., and Maia, M. M. "An Approach to Machine Reading of Text with a Memory-based Character Recognition System", Colloquium Proceedings "Coding of Documentary Information", Univ. Kent, Canterbury, England, May 1-2, 1982
  Discusses pairwise discriminators to reduce memory requirements for OCR of typed text: Similar to Pencept?
• [FeinerS82a] Feiner, Steven; Nagy, Sandor; and van Dam, Andries "An Experimental System for Creating and Presenting Interactive Graphics Documents", ACM Trans. on Graphics, vol 1 no 1, January 1982, pp. 59..77
  Experimental system for creating structured documents (contents organized as directed graphs), with hypertext links. Desired platform is slate-format tablet computer with touchscreen, color display, (animated/active) pictures and text. Actions in a document are part of the document (compare: Flash, HTML).
• [FidlerR81a] Fidler, Roger "Newspapers in the Year 2000: Videotex services will become mature businesses", The Society for News Design / APME, 1981. Reprinted January 14, 2010
  Speculative article on use of tablets / flat-screen displays as electronic newspapers, continuous updating. Refers to tactile controls (touchscreen). Compare with Boston Globe / NYTimes electronic distribution on tablets 2010.
• [FieldsC83] Fields, Craig I. "Virtual Space Teleconference System", US Patent 4,400,724, August 23, 1983
  Not a whiteboard system: video conferencing arrangement with each user facing one monitor and one video camera per other user.
• [Filipski81] Filipski, Alan J. "Critical-point Representation of Hand-printed Numerals", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 0360/8913/81/0000-0198, 26-28 October, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, pp 198-202
  96% correct on handprinted OCR recognition: skeletonizing, "critical point" strokes with initial and final slope features for 18 types of stroke segments. Admits to and spells out several weaknesses: 4 vs 9, patching OCR skeletonization breaks. Handwritten OCR recognition: simple template matching works well if feature extraction is good. Critical points for features and segmentation in OCR handwriting: points of high curvature, then Freeman chain codes. Refers to Knoll Database of hand-printed numerals, 21x25 binary grid, IEEE Pattern recognition data base 1.2.2.
• [FitzgeraldRW83a] Fitzgerald, Robert W.; Hall, Robert L.; and Bickford, Gary P. "Fiber Optic Transducers", US Patent 4,408,829, October 11, 1983
  Pressure/force sensor using optical fiber, transmitted light is attenuated (internal reflection) as the fiber is bent. Advantage is no electrical power required to convert sound/acoustic waves into modulated light.
• [FoleyJD81a] Foley, J. D.; Wallace, V. and Chan, P. "The Human Factors of Interaction Techniques", George Washington Univ., Institute for Information Science and Technology Tech. Rpt. GWU-IIST-81-03, Washington, DC, 1981
  Precursor to Foley 1984 paper.
• [FoleyJD82] Foley, J. D. and VanDam, A. "Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics", Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1982 (hardcopy book)
  Three-point calibration, general graphics reference. Comparison of tablet and mouse "locator" devices, absolute position versus relative motion. Section 5.3 "Technique for simulating logical devices": "locator device simulation" / virtual devices, simulated keyboard, character recognizers. Says Ledeen recognizer simplified version of Teitelman 1964, described in Newman 199. Mentions "dead zone" in context of (isometric) joystick. Gestures discussed as "motion commands" to replace button. Note: used "touch panel" to refer to a touchscreen with a display.
• [FrankDG82a] Frank, Daniel G.; Schaefer, Jack; and Zweig, Richard L. "Tactile learning device for the handicapped", US Patent 4,310,315, January 12, 1982
  Direct conversion of audio to tactile vibration output using electromagnetic transducer: described as a coil and a magnet, compare with moving coil speaker transducer. Output device described a writing instrument (pen/stylus), to be held to the head. One application is hearing aid for the hearing-impaired (via bone conduction).
• [Freyd83] Freyd, J. J. "Representing the dynamics of a static form", Memory and Cognition, Vol 11, 1983, pp 342-346
  Brief study of how much a simple printed character could be distorted in handwriting motion: sloppy lines, connected strokes, slight offset in position ("hat" of a capital-T, for example). From Tappert's bibliography. Does not address stroke order? Compare with handwriting variability?
• [Fu81] Fu, K. S. "A survey on image segmentation", Pattern Recognition, Vol 13, 1981, pp 3-16
  Overview article on image segmentation: features thresholding, feature clustering, edge detection, region extraction.
• [FujitaniT81a] Fujitani, Takeo and Matsuoka, Kajio "Pressure-sensitive electric conductive sheet material", US Patent 4,258,100, March 24, 1981
  Pressure/force-sensitive conductive rubber, conductive metal particles distributed in elastomeric material instead of carbon black.
• [Fukushima83] Fukushima, K.; Miyake, S. and Ito, T. "Numeral Character Recognition by the Algorithm of the Neocognitron", Trans. of the Institute of Electronic and Communications Engineers of Japan, Vol J66D No 2, February 1983, pp 206-213
  NTIS index: neural network for handwritten numerals recognition, using a scanner: learning-with-a-teacher better than learning-without-a-teacher (training set makes a difference, but what?).
• [FukushimaK82a] Fukushima, Kunihiko and Miyake, Sei "Neocognitron: A new algorithm for pattern recognition tolerant of deformations and shifts in position", Pattern Recognition, vol 15 no 6, pp. 455..569, 1982
  Neocognitron: neural cell (patterned after visual nervous system) self-organized in multi-layered network by unsupervised learning for OCR handwritten numerals recognition: cites to perceptron. Teaching consists of showing examples of pattern, along with category to be identified.
• [Furuta82] Furuta, Richard; Scofield, Jeffery and Shaw, Alan "Document Formatting Systems: Survey, Concepts, and Issues", Computing Surveys, Vol 14, No 3, September 1982, pp 417-ff
  Very little treatment of UI issues or pointing devices: primarily deals with keyboard commands and display of monofont text.
• [GTCO82] GTCO "Digi-Pad 5 Family Data Sheet", DP5-L104-0782, GTCO Corp., Rockville, Maryland, 1982
  GTCO Electronic grid digitizer, serial interface: pressure-sensitive pen/stylus, 16-button puck/cursor.
• [Gander83] Gander, Stephen Joseph "A proposed method of handwriting recognition", SBEE Thesis, MIT, 1983 (abstract only)
  Not from Blesser group.
• [Gehani82] Gehahi, N. "The Potential of Forms in Office Automation", IEEE Trans. Communication, Vol 30 No 1, January 1982
  Gives many reasons for using forms as fundamental office automation model. (taken from Hekmatpour86). Use of forms eases transition from manual to office automation. One advantage is that constraints (DRM? Format?) can be enforced on a per-field basis, automatic error checking, as well as restricting access per-form and per-user. Forms as a user-interface, as abstraction/view onto a database.
• [Geyer81] Geyer, L. H. and Gupta, S. M. "Recognition/confusion of dot matrix vs conventional font capital letters", Perception and Psychophysics, Vol 29, 1981, pp 280-282
  Suen86 cites this on what matrix resolution needed for OCR on hand-print.
• [GlickmanD82a] Glickman, David; Greanias, Evon C.; Repass, James T.; and Rosenbaum Walter S. "Stem Processing for Data Reduction in a Dictionary Storage File", US Patent 4,342,085, July 27, 1982
  Stem processing for data reduction in dictionary storage file storing word list file with prefix and suffix truncated so that only unique root element remains.
• [GomezAD82a] Gomez, A.D.; Wolfe, S.W.; Davenport, E.W. and Calder, B.D. "LMDS: Lightweight Modular Display System", Technical Report 767, Naval Ocean System Center, San Diego, CA, ADA117373, February 16, 1982
  Interactive radar graphics display terminal made up of display and Elographics "pressure-sensitive tablet responding to finger or stylus". Tablet can be used for text entry, but not suitable for hi-speed tactile message typing (virtual keyboard == menu select scheme). Mentions bad behavior of inaccurate position data when stylus lifted other than vertically at end of stroke, remediation is to trim off points at end. Compare with Ward filtering noise at end of stroke?
• [Goodale83] Goodale, T. S.; Goyal, S. and Litvin, Y. "Designing a Text Editor with Graphic and Handwritten Input", Report TR 83-401.1, GTE Laboratories Inc., 40 Sylvan Road, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254, November 1983
  Gesture recognition for a text editor? Handwritten text input? Gesture-based user interface with handwriting recognition for editing text with electronic ink: first reference for prior art? Early reference to visual parallax on electronic ink with integrated tablet/display.
• [GottbrehtTL81a] Gottbreht, Tom L. and Shepherd, Glen C. "Capacitive Touch Switch Panel", US Patent 4,304,976, December 8, 1981
  Conductive lead (trace) pattern for transparent touchpanel switch, transparent to be over display (touchscreen), conductive pattern can be multiple layers. Detects change in mutual capacitance between pair of electrodes (projected capacitance). Example application is microwave range controls.
• [Gould83] Gould, J.; Conti, J.; Tovanyecz, T. "Composing Letters with a Simulated Listening Typewriter", CACM, pp 295-308, Vol 26 No 4, April 1983
  Simulation of "perfect" speech recognition, showing that there is indeed a user-interface problem in addition to recognition problems.
• [GreaniasEC82a] Greanias, Evon C. and Yhap, Ernesto F. "Chinese/Kanji On-line Recognition System", US Patent 4,365,235, December 21, 1982
  Chinese recognition by recognizing component strokes/radicals. Refers to "spelling" of Chinese/Kanji: order strokes/radicals are written in. States that strokes are classified into 42 categories for segmentation, and that Chinese/Kanji characters are made up of only 72 basic symbol elements/alphabet. Cites problem with sonic/acoustic digitizers: sensing point offset from writing point (bad behavior). If Kanji/Chinese character is not recognized, user can add it to the prototype set for recognition on the fly: trainable recognition.
• [Greer83] Greer, K. L. and Green, D. W. "Context and Motor Control in Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 205-215
  Study of handwriting motor control: Specsmanship on tablet/digitizer performance: Digitizer specifies +-.015-inch on 0.001 resolution, but also +-.01 accuracy. Compare with bad behaviors of tablets?
• [GregoryBA81a] Gregory, B.A. "An Introduction to Electrical Instrumentation and Measurement Systems: A guide to the use selection and limitations of electrical instruments and measurement systems, 2nd ed.", MacMillan Press, 1981
  Handbook of instrumentation and measurement systems, industrial control systems circa 1980: spectrum analyzers, oscilloscopes, etc.
• [GrimesGJ83a] Grims, Gary J. "Digital Data Entry Glove interface Device", US Patent 4,414,537, November 8, 1983
  Data-glove: combination of flex/bend sensors on joints, X/Y/Z 3D position sensors on hand, gravity accelerometer for orientation to vertical. Conductive (capacitive?), Hall effect, touch/proximity sensors on fingertips. Finger-spelling/hand gestures for alphanumeric input. Cites to strain gage/gauge sensors and conductive elastomeric (conductive rubber) flexing sensors.
• [Gu83] Gu, Y. X.; Wang, Q. R.; and Suen, C. Y. "Application of a Multilayer Decision Tree in Computer Recognition of Chinese Characters", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 1, January 1983, pp 83-89
  Features for Chinese character recognition are Walsh coefficients, projected onto X and Y axes: character alignment (normalization), 99.5% accuracy on 3000 characters. OCR on Chinese/Kanji characters, using a binary decision tree for pattern recognition of a large number of classes (Chinese characters OCR). Performance: noisy characters only: clean characters do not occur in real life.
• [GurolIM83a] Gurol, I. Macit and Bang, Gary M. "Touch Sensitive Transparent Switch Array", US Patent 4,423,299, December 27, 1983
  Transparent switch matrix for touchscreen, conformable to a display: grid of conductors separated by spacer dots, pressing on top flexible sheet/membrane closes switch of two conductors.
• [HP83a] Hewlett-Packard "HP-150 touchscreen Personal Office Computer product", (various), 1983
  File contains reference for HP-150 touchscreen computer: MS/DOS personal computer (8088) with infra-red touchscreen on 9-inch video display. Also known as Touchscreen MAX. No OS support, applications had to be written specifically for touchscreen input.
• [Haber81] Haber, R. N. and Haber, L. R. "Visual components of the reading process", Visible Language, Vol XV No 2, 1981, pp 147-181 (abstract only)
  In human reading, organization outlines of sentences, paragraphs, words important for human reading character recognition. Bozinovic cites for human recognition by outline of word (as shown in WrightG52).
• [Hanaki81b] Hanaki, S.; Temma, T.; Yoshida, H.; Arakawa, T.; Suziki, M.; Seki, T. and Kikuchi, Y. "Online Realtime Character Recognition System", Trans. of IECE of Japan, Vol E64 No 5, p 374, May 1981 (Abstract only)
  Handprinted recognition: feature is break into piecewise segments, compare with decision tree: 32 handwriting terminals on one computer (cluster).
• [HarmonLD82a] Harmon, Leon D. "Automated Tactile Sensing", Intl. Jnl. of Robotics Research, vol 1 no 2, summer 1982, pp. 3-ff
  Overview/survey of tactile sensing for robotics: force-sensitive surfaces capable of reporting graded signals and parallel patterns of touching (multi-touch?), contrast with simple touch as contact sensing only at one or more points. Bibliography include robotic grippers/hands, machine vision, etc.
• [HarriesWG81a] Harries, William Goeffery "Computer touch panel", UK Patent Application GB2073422A, October 14, 1981
  Transparent touch panel over screen display: X/Y grid of wires, position detected at crossover points.
• [HewlettPackard83a] Hewlett Packard "Hewlett Packard HP-150 Touchscreen Computer", http://wikipedia.org, fetched 2011
  Early (DOS-age) touchscreen computer product.
• [HillisWD81a] Hillis, William Daniel "Active Touch Sensing", MIT A. I. Memo 629, April 1981
  High-resolution touch sensor, several hundred sensing points per square inch. Uses grid/matrix of anisotropic elastomeric material: crosspoint problem addressed by grounding all other lines than the ones being sensed, so that no current flows. Shear forces determined by force needed to move the probe across whatever it is touching.
• [HillisWD82a] Hillis, W. Daniel "A High-Resolution Imaging Touch Sensor", Int'l Jnl. of Robotics Research, June 1982, Vol 1 No 2, pp. 33-44
  Imaging touchpad sensor for robotics using small pressure/force sensors. Cross-bar grid: ghost points can be dealt with by measuring actual resistances from the measured resistances, but actual solution is voltage-mirror: voltage applied to one wire/conductor, others held to ground by injecting current -- thus no current flows through other crosspoints, no ghosting. Compare with Rekimoto/multi-touch? Mentions taking multiple "image" of object to get more information to identify object.
• [HollerbachJM81a] Hollerbach, John M. "An Oscillation Theory of Handwriting", Biological Cybernetics, Springer-Verlag, Vol 39, 1981, pp 139-156
  (see also Hollerbach78). Handwriting motion and variability: Unclear fancier curve fitting to handwriting models gives any more insight. Maximum writing speed/velocity is 25 mm/sec. Acceleration peaks in handwriting not just a tablet/pen artifact. Variation in slant in handwriting (vertical) is about 10 degrees. Cusp/loop: substitution of clockwise vs counter-clockwise motion in handwriting. Variability of corner shapes for single writer. Says reduction in concentration on handwriting needed to think and write at same time.
• [HoltAP81a] Holt, A.P. Jr.; Noneaker, D.O.; and Walthour, L. "A Survey of New Technology for Cockpit Application to 1990's Transport Aircraft Simulators", NASA Contractor Report 159330, December 1980
  Chapter III, Software-Controllable Touch Panels in aircraft simulators with "large-screen" color displays. Simulation refers to simulating new control systems not yet in service. Primarily overview of user-interface design: basic option selection, decision tree (cascading menus), paging/scrolling, map display. Data entry to be minimized. Touch panel technologies: cross-wire overlay, voltage gradient substrate / capacitive membrane with spacer dots, echo-ranging overlay, beam interruption panel; side-switches near display, individual mini-displays with physical switches (back-lit buttons), display with cursor control. Includes vendor list. Cites to Kaplow/Molnar "Enhanced Input Terinal".
• [Honeywell81a] Honeywell Information Systems "Level 68 Introduction to Programming on Multics", Honeywell Information Systems AG90-03, July 1981
  Multics operating system programming tutorial: special section on dynamic linking. All files are memory-mapped into address space, no separate I/O. Mentions direct file types stream/sequential: stream is ascii file? APIs for access control ACLs.
• [Honeywell83a] Honeywell Information Systems "MULTICS Common Commands", Honeywell Information Systems G58-0 February 1983
  Multics operating system CLI command-line commands: set_acl; copy command preserves ACLs access control lists; send_mail over ArpaNet.
• [Honeywell83b] Honeywell Information Systems "Inter-MULTICS File Transfer Facility Reference Manual CY73-01", Honeywell Information Systems Order Number CY73-01, December 1983
  Multics file transfer facility: describes I/O Daemon process. On target system for file transfer, ring access must be at higher numbered access level (more restrictive), I/O daemon must have ACL access rights, user on target/foreign system must grant access. Read/write access can be restricted by setting zero length for segment. AIM (capability) permission must be less or equal.
• [Hosaka82] Hosaka, M. and Kimura, F. "Using Handwriting Action to Construct Models of Engineering Objects", Computer, Vol 15 No 11, November 1982, pp 35-47
  User interface (fill in charts) for handwriting recognition input of engineering drawings (mechanical drafting, maps, NC control drawings). Text is input for constraints on drawings: dimensions, etc. Gesture/handwriting character recognition: Features are passage through 3x3 template grid, then chord lengths and directions (cusp, stroke, rotation, straight): cusps turn into small loops, vice versa is a source of error.
• [HottaM83a] Hotta, Masao; Miyamoto, Yoshikazu; Yokozawa, Norio; and Oshima, Yoshimitsu "Touch Sensitive Tablet Using Force Detection", US Patent 4,389,711, June 21, 1983
  Tablet/touchpad using three force/pressure sensing points and triangulation. Piezoelectric strain gauges behind touch surface, triangulation.
• [HowbrookE83a] Howbrook, E. "Apparatus and Methods for Recognizing Handwritten Signs", US Patent 4,369,431, January 18, 1983
  Signature recognition/verification using first twelve initial segments, segmenting by zero velocity in Y. Notes that a frequency cut-off of 20Hz is o.k. for signature signal. Compare with 10Hz value by Teulings 1984?
• [Hsu82] Hsu, W. S.; Takahashi, K.; Ozawa, S. and Fujita, H. "Ordered stroke extraction method for printed Chinese character recognition", Trans. of IECE of Japan, Vol E65 No 2, February 1982, p. 140 (abstract only)
  NTIS abstract: fix skeletonization/line-thinning breakdown at intersections by simulating writing motion in OCR.
• [HuberWA83] Huber, William A. "Interactive Map Information Exchange System", US Patent 4,420,682, December 13, 1983
  Optical scanner which read digital co-ordinates from a map, using co-ordinates in magnetic ink, but also describes optical scanning.
• [HughesJC81a] Humber, William A. "Electronic two directional control apparatus", US Patent 4,305,007, December 8, 1981
  Capacitive joystick: gimbal in center of stick, bottom of stick has electrode and four sensing electrodes near by, proximity of base electrode to sensors affects capacitance.
• [HullJJ82a] Hull, Jonathan J. and Srihari, S. N. "Experiments in text recognition with binary n-gram and viterbi algorithms", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, 1982, pp 520-530
  Viterbi and binary n-gram for context in optical character recognition: most efficient implementation: Viterbi algorithm is based on probabilities of confusion of pairs of characters.
• [HullJJ82b] Hull, Jonathan J. and Srihari, S. N. "Comparison of two contextual post-processing algorithms for text recognition", Proc. 1982 IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, 1982, pp 146-151
  Comparison of binary n-gram and Viterbi algorithm for spelling correction in OCR character recognition. Viterbi algorithm with probabilities of character confusions works better. Looks very similar to other 1982 paper by same authors.
• [HullJJ83b] Hull, Jonathan J.; Srihari, S. N. and Choudhari, R. "An integrated algorithm for text recognition: comparison with a cascaded algorithm", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5, 1983, pp 384-395
  Letter substitution errors on text recognition corrected by various means of context: combining bottom-up and top-down (syntactic and semantic) context works better than separately. Context for spelling correction: goodness measure extended to probability that it is a corrupted form of another letter. Context for spelling correction: letter probabilities: digrams/pairs and trigrams (bottom/up context) (may involve a false assumption about input language). Context for spelling correction: dictionary lookup (lexicon for top/down context). Many sources for spelling errors: typographical in original text, keying/writing errors, character recognition error.
• [HullsLR83a] Hulls, L. Robin "On-Board Intelligence Increases Accuracy of Plotters and Digitizers", Computer Technology Review, Summer 1983, pp 129-133
  Numonics article on digitizers and stepper-motor plotters. Digitizers: no point being more accurate than the application needs. Accuracy may be affected by pen angle/tilt. Two-phase coarse/fine position determination using two characteristics (interpolation?).
• [IBM81a] IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin "Improved Parameter Set for Adaptive Symbol Recognition", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, June 1981, pp 769-771
  Copy on file does not give name of author: since it mentions "elastic matching", most likely it is C. A. Tappert. Use offset of character from its center of gravity as a substitute for the writing baseline. Add horizontal positions of strokes to each other as an additional factor in recognition: computer with Functional Attributes of Shillman/Blesser (example is "A" and three-stroke "asterisk"). Also filed under Tappert and under Karnaugh.
• [IBM81b] IBM "Liquid Crystal Display and Touch Panel Keyboard Input", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, September 1981, pp 1888-1890
  For touchscreen over LCD, do not need separate touchscreen layer: by sensing capacitance to ground of LCD electrodes between display cycles. Cited in More93.
• [IEEE83a] IEEE CG&A "New Products: Software brings CAD capability to microcomputers", IEEE CGA, April 1983
  Product brief on AutoCad: light-pen, or Sun-Flex touch pen (touchscreen digitizer).
• [Ikeda81] Ikeda, K. et al "On-line Recognition of Hand-Written Characters Utilizing Positional and Stroke Vector Sequences", Pattern Recognition, Vol 13 No 3, pp 191-206, 1981
  OCR Discrimination of similar characters: boundary recognition. Uses different methods for characters of different number of strokes. Compare with pair-wise comparison, function attributes?
• [ImageData82] Image Data Products "Image Data Tablet System product information", Bristol, England, 1982
  Digitizer tablet with applications, handwriting recognition (?), command templates: similar to Pencept/CIC tabletop tablets. Product information shown in Ward 1992 "History" video at about 18:40.
• [Inforite82] Cadre Systems Limited "Inforite Hand Character Recognition Terminal product information", Cadre Systems Limited, 1 Wilkinson Road, Cirencester, Glos., GL7 1YT, England, 1982
  Early British handwriting recognition product: single line display, paper forms (shop invoices) fit into device, shown at Comdex 1982. Note: Inforite used as product name by other companies.
• [IrwinJG83a] Irwin, J.G. "Dynamically Adjustable Capacitive Key Sensing Method", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, January 1983, p. 4097
  Capacitive touch sensor with baseline adjustment. Cited in LeachRB91a.
• [IshiiA81a] Ishii, Akira and Hashimoto, Shinichiro "Graphic Sensor using a Lamb Wave", 1981 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, pp. 167..170
  Acoustic touchpad/tablet using Lamb waves. Refers to paper being laid over plate, but also transparent acrylic plate. Tip force/pressure touch threshold of 50 grams to be comparable to ball-point pen. Sensor is in stylus/pen. No separate pen-down switch, touches and lifts detected electronically. Sufficient pressure (threshold) of approximately 50 grams for pen-down state / touch.
• [IshiiK83a] Ishii, K. "Generation of Distorted Characters and Its Applications", Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol 66-D No 11, November 1983, pp 1270-1277 (in Japanese), translated in Systems, Computers and Controls, Vol 14 No 6, 1983, pp 19-27
  Testing of handwriting-recognition system. Cites problem of needing very large training samples to get all variations. Claims "only samples of low quality can improve dictionary" (training) (vs. ambiguous?). Claims "recognition rate tells you nothing about how performance goes down with quality of characters". Shows artificial forms used in Japanese JIS hand-print standard. States it is not enough to read good characters, but how well does it do on bad ones? Claims 98.5% recognition rate. Use artificial variability instead of real handwritten data (!): compare with generative model at Pencept?
• [JainR82a] Jain, R. and Haynes, S. "Imprecision in Computer Vision", Computer, Vol 15 No 8, August 1982, pp 39-48
  Application of fuzzy set theory to visual recognition / OCR: imperfect lighting, other imprecise measurements. Variation in connected regions, thinning / edge detection.
• [JenkinCV82a] Jenkin, Christopher Vivian "Touch control switches", UK Patent GB2002522B, February 21, 1979
  Transparent ("transmit light") touch control switches combined with electroluminescent display elements (i.e. touchscreen). Mutual-capacitive sensing, sensor switches arranged n X/Y grid array. Check array multiple times to filter out spurious glitches. Multiplexing allows microprocessor to identify simultaneous operation of to or more touch switches (multi-touch: compare with Kaplow?).
• [JohnsonEO81] Johnson, E. O. and Tosima, S. "Visual-Perception-Related Effects in Chinese-Japanese Written Characters", RCA Review, Vol 40, March 1981, pp 60-ff (partial copy)
  Human recognition features: visual groups of strokes in Chinese/Japanese characters consist of sub-groups of strokes, usually about four: visual group count corresponds to letter count in Western languages.
• [JordanDM83a] Jordan, David M. "Multics Data Security", Scientific Honeyweller vol 2 no 1, June 1981. Derived version 1983, Honeywell document GA01
  Describes finer control and finer parsing of access control in Multics with AIM Access Isolation Mechanism (nondiscretionary access control) in stricter set of rules for matches between segment and user attributes. AIM is to prevent user from releasing data to which user may have access via ACL: User's access is the more restricted of the two: clearance (of user) vs. classification level (of data).
• [Kamran83] Kamram, A. and Feldman, M. B. "Graphics Programming Independent of Interaction Techniques and Styles", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 1, January 1983, pp 58-66
  Describes GMU's Information Display Systems project (see Foley). Separate user interactions ("style" a.k.a. look-and-feel) into separate Abstract Interaction Handler and interpreted scripting language: e.g. pick via tablet or select via keyboard or type in object name. Critique of CORE (and GKS) input device model, lack of extensibility beyond pick; button; keyboard; stroke; valuator; locator -- these are not a complete set of orthogonal abstract interactions -- compare with PHIGS presentation by Pencept?
• [Karnaugh81] Karnaugh, M.; Kurtzberg, J. M. and Tappert, C. C. "Improved Parameter Set for Adaptive Symbol Recognition", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 24, No. 1B, pp. 769-771, 1981. 2006 available at http://www.prioartdatabase.com, http://ip.com
  Recognition of block-printed characters by segmenting to normalized straight-line vectors. Mentioned by Marlin Eller, Microsoft Pen Computing group.
• [Kato82] Kato, O.; Iwase, H.; Yoshida, M. and Tanahashi, J. "Interactive Handdrawn Diagram Input System", Proc. IEEE Computer Society Conf. on Pattern Recognition and Image Processing, 14-17 June, 1982, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp 544..549
  Interactive user-interface for handwriting recognition, sketching and sketching, using angle variation and stroke type (straight line, angled line, ellipse, circle, arc) for features. Contains user interface for text entry to pretty up character spacing and alignment, fixing sketches (without recognition).
• [KimJ83a] Kim, J. "Baseline Drift Correction of Handwritten Text", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 25 No 10, March 1983, pp 5111-5114
  See also Tappert papers. Correct cursive script for baseline drift.
• [KimS81] Kim, S. "Inversions - a catalog of calligraphic cartwheels", BYTE Books, Peterborough, New Hampshire, 1981
  Very large catalog of reversible and ambiguous text to show variability of human recognition and perception. Has informal but very interesting bibliography on variability of human recognition.
• [KirschST82a] Kirsch, Steven T. "Electro-Optical Mouse", US Patent 4,364,035, December 14, 1982
  Optical mouse of surface having passive, position-related marks in a pattern of two colors / Sekendur? (Shading optical tablet).
• [KirschST83a] Kirsch, Steven T. "Electronic Mouse", US Patent 4,390,873, June 28, 1983
  Optical mouse using checkerboard square pattern on the mouse-pad / tablet: Sekendur? Resolution is double that of the checkerboard spacing, by checking for half-covered images at the midline edges of a checkerboard square using a 2x2 optical sensor.
• [KnoxKT82a] Knox, Keith T. "Image Processing Method and Apparatus Having a Digital Airbrush for Touch Up", US Patent 4,345,313, August 17, 1982
  Simulated airbrush-type user-interface in graphics drawing. Multiple buttons on stylus to control airbrush characteristics. Compare with Wang simulated brush for calligraphy?
• [KroegerFR82a] Kroeger, Frederick R. and Norquist, Richard A. "Output circuit for Piezoelectric Polymer Pressure Sensor", US Patent 4,328,441, May 4, 1982
  Piezoelectric touchpad using strips of piezoelectric material over discrete openings. Material response to force/pressure over openings to deform.
• [KrummeDW82a] Krumme, D. W. and Ackley, D. H. "A Practical Method for Code Generation Based on Exhaustive Search", Proc. SIGPLAN '82 Symp. on Compiler Construction, ACM SIGPLAN Notices, Vol 17 No 6, June 1982
  Fortran compilers beat the heck out of "C" compilers for code efficiency.
• [KruskalJB83a] Kruskal, Joseph B. "An Overview of Sequence Comparison: Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules", SIAM Review, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol 25 No 2, April 1983, pp 201-237
  Distance metric for differences in linear strings: Levenshtein distance: mutations in chromosomes, UNIX "diff" files, string matching, minimal mutation distance etc. Clustering /boundary definition using relative difference (dyadic), not absolute position (monadic). Levenshtein distance easier to use than probabilistic/statistical estimate of how much change would be required. Common sense: if your pattern recognition algorithm works better, it is better. Describes boundary comparison using monadic variables/features (absolute value) vs dyadic (relative comparison only). Different approaches for dyadic comparison: common sense, adapt monadic variables, and Levenshtein relative distance.
• [KucR82a] Kuc, Roman "Introduction to Digital Signal Processing", BS Publications, 1982
  Textbook on digital signal processing DSP and digital filter design.
• [KuhlFP82a] Kuhl, Frank P. and Giardina, Charles R. "Elliptic Fourier Features of a Closed Contour", Computer Graphics and Image Processing Vol 18, pp. 235-258, 1982
  Recognize object outlines by Fourier analysis of 2D chain-code outline, lowest mode of fit is an ellipse. Mentions quantization / pixelation of images, show effects.
• [KuklinskiT82a] Kuklinski, T. and G. Babb "Pattern Algorithm Permits Freehand Printed-Data Entry", Computer Technology Review, Winter 1982
  Pencept pendpad terminal product, handwriting recognition on tablet.
• [Kurtzberg82] Kurtzberg, J. M. and Tappert, C. C. "Segmentation Procedure for Handwritten Symbols and Words", IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol 25 No 7B, December 1982, pp 3848-3852
  Mentions reduction of "dots" as a stroke type. Makes disparaging remarks about "boxed" input for discrete recognition. Discusses delayed strokes, "t"-crossings for discrete recognition.
• [Lambden81a] Lambden, Martin R. "Electrographic Apparatus", US Patent 4,289,925, September 15, 1982
  Quest Automation MicroPad, handwriting recognition product, small stand-alone terminal: pressure-sensitive tablet using flexible membrane under tension, resistive film.
• [LambethDN83a] Lambeth, David N. "Magnetostrictive position sensing device and photographic apparatus incorporating such device", US Patent 4,413,892, November 8, 1983
  Magnetostrictive linear position sensor, used to determine internal position of components in a camera. Compare with Summagraphics magnetostrictive tablet: electromagnetic sensor picks up acoustic pulse and measures propagation/delay time.
• [LampsonBW83a] Lampson, Butler W. "A Description of the Cedar Language: A Cedar Language Reference Manual", Xerox PARC Tech. Rpt. CSL-83-15, December 1983
  Reference manual for Cedar object-based language, system, and GUI, successor to Smalltalk. Cedar kernel language is low-level subset, with direct access to primitive or OS types not permitted in Cedar. Strong type checking. No description of Cedar GUI.
• [LandauerTK83a] Landauer, T. K.; Galotti, K. M. and Hartwell, S. "Natural Command Names and Initial Learning: A Study of Text-Editing Terms", CACM, Vol 26, July 1983, pp 495-503
  Rhyne86 cites this that for verbal command names, very poor agreement on informal name subjects give for text editing commands (mnemonicity for gestures?). "Naturalness" in user-interface not helpful: for example, better if different names for options with similar semantics, but different syntax. Human factors / user-interface: different methods of eliciting preferred command names get different results for same subject -- in particular, naive users make poor choices for command names.
• [LeeA83a] Lee, Allison and Lochovsky, F. H. "Enhancing the Usability of an Office Information System Through Direct Manipulation", Proc. CHI 1983 Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Boston, 1983, pp 130-134
  Cited in Kankaanpaa87. gesture/handwriting user interface on digitizing tablet (using puck/stylus). Text editing gestures for add (caret), delete (underline), replace (inverted pigtail), paragraph, change font, etc. Trash can, filing cabinet, other icons (compare with Wang Freestyle, Microsoft "Bob"?).
• [LeeB81] Lee, Bum C.; Kim, Jung G. and Yi, Seung, K. "Improvement on Korean Character Recognition by Resolving Ambiguity Problem", Proc. Intl. Conf. on Cybernetics and Society, IEEE 0360/8913/81/0000-0193, 26-28 October, 1981, Atlanta, Georgia, pp 193-197
  Korean recognition: six types of Korean characters (first consonants, second consonants, vertical vowels, horizontal vowels) using syntactic recognition and 8-direction chain codes.
• [Lemone82] Lemone, Karen A. "Similarity Measures Between Strings Extended to Sets of Strings", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, No 3, May 1982, pp 345-347
  substrings of chain-codes.
• [Leroux81] Leroux, J.; Miclet, L.; Bonnet, A.; Delarue, X. and Tormos, S. "Segments Detection in Binary Pictures for the Representation and the Syntactic Recognition of Hand Written Characters", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, IEEE CH1801-0/82/0000/0692 1981, pp 692-695
  Chain code string comparison in OCR for handwriting recognition?
• [Litvin82a] Litvin, Y. "Segmentation of Handwritten Text by the Analysis of Two-Element Connectors", unpublished manuscript, GTE. Research Laboratory, Waltham Massachusetts, 1981
  Cited in Litvin82b.
• [Litvin82b] Litvin, Y. "Principles of evaluation for hand-printed and cursive text recognition methods", GTE Technical Note 401.1, April 1982
  See also Recognitive Sciences and Skylight Software (Yuri's consulting business names). Mentions retrace removal (page 7) User interface: points out difference between errors understandable to user, and errors not ("qualitative errors").
• [Litvin82c] Litvin, Y. "Two Implementations of Data Reduction in Graphics Input", unpublished manuscript, December 1982
  Cited in Goodale83.
• [LoomisJ83a] Loomis, Jeffrey; Poizner, Howard; Bellugi, Ursula; Blakemore, Alynn; and Hollerbach, John "Computer Graphic Modeling of American Sign Language", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 3, pp. 105-ff, 1983
  Uses LED lights and digital cameras as three-dimensional 3D digitizer sensor to recognize hand gestures of ASL American Sign Language.
• [LoomisJM81a] Loomis, Jack M. "Tactile pattern perception", Perception, Vol 10, 1971, pp. 5..27
  Assistive/Accessibility technology for the blind: compare with tactile/haptic Braille displays. Analysis of spatial bandwidth (resolution) limitations of human touch for tactile input. Cites to Optacon, TVSS vibrotactile display for the blind.
• [Loy82] Loy, W. W. and Landau, I. D. "An On-Line Procedure for Recognition of Handprinted Alphanumeric Characters", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 4, July 1982, pp 422-427
  Reduce handwritten characters to a polygon / Freeman chain codes, then compare syntactic feature vector, then statistics on segment lengths. Serif/hook removal, preprocessing/smoothing, retrace collapsing on on-line character recognition. Handwritten samples "only" constrained to one of 69 writing styles/shapes: 99% and 97%: 20Kbytes memory, 500 Ms on 8086. Asserts for on-line recognition that learning new shapes (adapting to different user's writing?) is more important than accuracy / recognition rate.
• [LukisLJ82a] Lukis, Larry Joseph and Duhig, Gerard Peter "Writing pad for a character recognition device", European Patent Application EP0054406A1, June 23, 1982
  Resistive sheet tablet, spacer dots (compare Elographics). Hand rejection / resting hand does not press hard enough (compared to stylus point) to make contact between the sheets. (palm rejection).
• [LyonRF81a] Lyon, Richard F. "The Optical Mouse, and an Architectural Methodology for Smart Digital Sensors", Xerox Palo Alto Research Center report VLSI-81-1, August, 1981
  Electro/optical mouse controller and sensor, 4x4 optical photodiode sensor grid/matrix/array tracking hexagonal dot array pattern. Compare with Anoto? Quadrature encoding of motion in small vertical/horizontal steps: compare with chain codes? Presentation focuses as example of custom VLSI chip integration.
• [LyonRF82a] Lyon, Richard F. and Haeberli, Martin P. "Designing and Testing the Optical Mouse", VLSI Design, January/February 1982, pp. 20..30
  Electro/optical mouse controller and sensor for Sun Microsystems three-button optical mouse. Mutual inhibition of optical pixel sensors to enhance contrast, generates indication of direction of motion from quadrature phase of adjacent sensors.
• [MallosJB82a] Mallos, James B. "Touch Position Sensitive Surface", US Patent 4,346,376, August 24, 1982
  Touchscreen over CRT display using total internal reflection of light generated by CRT, reflected where finger is in contact with screen. Like a lightpen, detection of position by knowing timing of CRT raster position, therefor unaffected by CRT raster drift. FTIR.
• [ManfordE81a] Manford, Eaton "X-Y digitiser tablet - uses two perpendicular grids of parallel conductors separated by isolating layer which becomes conductive under stylus pressure", French Patent Application FR2485229A1, December 24, 1981
  Tablet with matrix/grid of X and Y strip conductor traces, layers separated by pressure-sensitive conductive elastomeric material (conductive rubber).
• [Mantas83] Mantas, J. and Heaton, A. G. "Handwritten character recognition by parallel labelling and shape analysis", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol 1, July 1983, pp 465-468
  Refers to problem of encountering a shape system not trained to for adaptive recognition. OCR of handwriting recognition using polygonal approximation (chain codes), fuzzy labelling: thinning, tail-removal, fuzzy sets.
• [Marr82] Marr, D. "Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information", San Francisco, Freeman Press, 1982
  Human recognition of figures by "wire-frame" model.
• [MartinC81a] Martin C.; Jelinsky, P.; Lampton, M.; Malina, R. F.; and Anger, H. O. "Wedge-and-strip anodes for centroid-finding position-sensitive photon and particle detectors", Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol 52, 1981, p. 1067 ff
  Charge-ratio electrostatic configuration for particle detection: resolution not limited by dimensions of wedge anodes and different-width strip anodes. Different geometries: dual wedge anodes between strip anodes, wedges in opposite directions of taper; radial configuration; zig-zag pattern with no vias / through holes in substrate.
• [Matsuda83] Matsuda, Ryouchi "Present Status and Future Trends of Japanese Language Information Processing Systems", Proc. 1983 Intl. Conf. on Text Processing with a Large Character Set, Tokyo, Japan, October 17-19, 1983, pp 436-446
  Survey of problems and technologies for processing Japanese Characters: standardized keyboards, speech recognition, handwriting recognition.
• [Matsukawa83] Matsukawa, Junko "Naming and recognition of random shapes", Japanese Jnl. Psychology, Vol 54 No 1, 1983, pp 62-66 (In Japanese)
  Humans recognize (recall? identify?) shapes better if the are recognizable as a familiar object.
• [Maurer82] Maurer, H. A.; Rozenberg, G. and Welzl, E. "Using String Languages to Describe Picture Languages", Information and Control, Vol 54, 1982, pp 155-185
  Chain codes: something similar to BLRTs for describing images.
• [McDermott83] McDermott, Drew "Contexts and Data Dependencies: A Synthesis", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol 5, No 3, May 1983, pp 237-246
  General paper on information dependencies and context.
• [McDonaldWW82a] McDonald, Wylie W. "System and method for providing an audible sound and a tactile feedback in an electronic data processing system", US Patent 4,334,280, June 8, 1982
  Give a beep periodically (one second intervals) while a device is operating, or give an audible and tactile feedback each time a key is pressed / device is operated. For calculators, beeps on the keys?
• [McQueenSJ82a] McQueen, Sidney J. "Trigger mechanism providing a short burst of fire capability for submachine guns", US Patent 4,344,351, August 17, 1982
  Submachine gun trigger mechanism: mentions progressive trigger in prior art for single shot and full automatic fire, new feature is burst firing and fully automatic mode. Compare with haptic feel/feedback of simulated trigger pull?
• [Meads83] Meads, Jon A. "Defining the Ergonomic Buzzwords", Proc. 1983 Annual Conf. of ACM
  What is user-friendly? friendly to a beginner may be bad for expert.
• [MehtaN82a] Mehta, Nimish "A Flexible Machine Interface", Master's Thesis, Dept. of EE, U. Toronto, 1982
  Early multi-touch input device, optical detection of fingers on frosted glass, but no rear-projection (separate display). Also recognize shapes and objects on surface. Cited by Buxton as historical note for first demonstrated multi-touch.
• [MehtaN82b] Mehta, Nimish; Smith, Kenneth C.; and Holmes, F. E. "Feature extraction as a tool for computer input", IEEE Intl. Conf. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, ICASSP '82. May 1982, pp. 818 - 820
  multi-touch/multi-hand input tablet (camera underneath, optical) with projection of keyboard or template images on top. Reconfigurable keyboard/touch service. Compare with Kaplow (reconfigurable keyboard) and Jeff Han (FTIR multi-touch) and Wellner DigitalDesk.
• [Meyrowitz82a] Meyrowitz, Normand and van Dam, Andries "Interactive Editing Systems: Part I", Computing Surveys, Vol 14 No 3, September 1982
  Text editing: primarily keyboard-based editing systems, long treatment of Xerox STAR with mouse pop-up menus, but no use of gesture (other than drag?), digitizer, stylus, or handwriting editing.
• [Meyrowitz82b] Meyrowitz, Normand and van Dam, Andries "Interactive Editing Systems: Part II", Computing Surveys, Vol 14 No 4, 1982
  Text editing: primarily keyboard-based editing systems, long treatment of Xerox STAR with mouse pop-up menus, but no use of gesture (other than drag?), digitizer, stylus, or handwriting editing.
• [MicroSeven83a] Genet, Philippe "Billets a GoGo", Micro 7: Le Magazine del Informatique Individuelle, September 1983, pp. 72..78
  (in French) article on signature verification for credit cards: mentions Quest MicroPad signature authentication, VeriSign.
• [Micropad82] Micropad "Micropad Product Information", Quest International, American Sales Office for Micropad Inc., LaGrange Illinois, 1982
  handwriting-terminal using a digitizer with two conductive sheets, sheets covered by a hand-rest; single-character discrete character recognition. also showed a GUI application picking from a diagram of replacements parts, plus character recognition. Press release included, data-entry use in New Scotland Yard: "gets write to the point"; Joe Crivello, National Sales Manager, Illinois.
• [MoogRA82a] Moog, Robert A. "A Multiply Touch-sensitive Clavier for Computer Music Systems", Proc. Intl. Computer Music Conf., 1982, pp. 601-605
  Musical touch keyboard that detects X and Y position of fingers, key velocity (via position sensor), and force/pressure capacitive sensing. Z/Force detected with conductive rubber with greater capacitance as it is conformed by force to a curved bar capacitor plate, four-wire resistive sheet touchpad for X and Y.
• [MoranTP81a] Moran, Thomas P. "The Command Language Grammar: A Representation for the User Interface of Interactive Computer Systems", Intl. Jnl. Man-Machine Studies, Vol 15, 1971, pp 3-50
  Grammar and semantics for user-interfaces (commands). Example input devices are keyboard and display. Does not mention mouse, but describes menus, CAD/Drawing systems, function key input, briefly mentions "pointing" to an item in a menu or to an icon as a primitive action (compare: gesture?): does mention lightpen. Comments that replacing menus with function keys (compare: gestures) doe snot change underlying structure of user interface, but exploiting more flexible "display" capability leads to rethinking the underlying structure.
• [Morasso83] Morasso, P.; Mussa Ivaldi, F. A.; and Ruggiero, C. "How a Discontinuous Mechanism can Produce Continuous Patterns in Trajectory Formation and Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 83-98
  Generative variability in handwriting.
• [Mullin81] Mullin, James K. "Reliable Indexing Using Unreliable Recognition Devices", IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, No 3, May 1981, pp 347-350
  Indexing document automatically with OCR recognition by substituting likely-confused characters to same pseudo-character, similar to the Soundex system by Davidson for similar-sounding English names. Electronic ink / sketch indexing?
• [Murase83] Murase, H.; Wakahara, T. and Umeda, M. "Online Recognition Algorithm for Hand-Sketched Flowchart by Candidate Lattice Method", Denshi Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol 65-D No 6, June 1983, pp 675-682 (in Japanese), translated in Systems, Computers and Controls, Vol 14 No 3, 1983, pp 37-46
  Claims 97.9% recognition rate on 120 samples (small sample size). Refers to segmentation errors in recognizing two-dimensional flowchart symbols. Sketch recognition - flowcharts.
• [MurrayJM82a] Murray, John M. and Klingenstein, Kenneth J. "The Architecture of an Electronic Book", IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, Vol. IE-29 No 1, February 1982, pp. 82-91
  Estimate of hardware requirements (memory, processor, display) for an electronic book including graphics, with search and indexing functions. Reference works (PDR, etc.), educational textbooks, coupled with speech synthesizers for the blind. Exemplary UI would be keyboard/buttons.
• [NEC82] NEC: "Terminal that accepts handwriting lets the uninitiated use computer", Electronics Magazine, June 30, 1982, p 76
  NEC handwriting terminal product for personal PCs, low-cost.
• [NEC83] NEC "News Update: NEC 2100", Electronics Magazine, June 16, 1983, page 32
  NEC 2100 kanji and hiragana symbols ... product. NEC handwriting terminal product, high-end version of personal PC product.
• [NTT81] NTT "NTT 1900: System reads kanji characters into word processors", Electronics Magazine, June 16, 1981, page 64
  NTT 1900 kanji and hiragana symbols product "Aesop" on-line handwriting recognition, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph. See also list in CIC folder on NTT.
• [NTT82] NTT: "System edits handwritten copy, finishes sketches", Electronics Magazine, June 30, 1982, pp 73-74
  (Date may be wrong) sketch/scribble/gesture input and editing system. Mechanical digitizer(!).
• [Nagura83] Nagura, Masakazu and Suenaga, Yasuhito "A Facsimile-Based Graphics Editing System by Auxiliary Mark Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 4, July 1983, pp 433-441
  See also Suenaga80, same paper. Handwriting mark recognition, OFF-LINE scanned OCR user interface for graphics editing. Mark-up OFF-LINE scanned handwriting recognition user interface for on-line changes to scanned line drawings. Has many Japanese citations for OCR of handwritten drawing and character recognition.
• [NagyG82a] Nagy, G. "Optical Character Recognition - Theory and Practice", in "Handbook of Statistics", Vol 2, Krishnaiah, P. R. and Kanal, L. N., editors, North-Holland, 1974, pp 621-649
  Testing: substitution error rates for OCR in practice two to three orders of magnitude lower than reported in academic literature. Optical digitizer resolution of 0.004-inch sufficient for typed text. Human adaptation reasons for some handwriting recognition systems' success. Cursive writing not as useful as speech, or discrete writing. Most optical scanners for OCR barely have resolution adequate for recognizing ideal characters, much less real ones. Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: geometric, photo-metric, control. Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: cite for tablet digitizer as comparison. Testing: cites work by Chow on statistical relation of substitution vs reject error rate. Kahan87 cites this as saying Duda72 binary Bayesian statistical classifier is widely used in OCR. Optical digitizer characteristics: no vendor willing to be pinned down on performance.
• [NagyG83a] Nagy, G. "Optical Scanning Digitizers", IEEE Computer, May 1983, pp 13-24
  Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: geometric linearity. Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: stability/repeatability. Optical scanning digitizer characteristics: cite for tablet digitizer as comparison.
• [NagyG83b] Nagy, G. "Candide's Practical Principles of Experimental Pattern Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-5 No 2, March 1983, pp 199-200
  Tongue-in-check list of how researchers fudge pattern recognition statistics/results to bias them in their favor.
• [Nakajima81] Nakajima, K.; Kida, H.; and Arakawa, H. "Handprinted Character Recognition Techniques on Commercial-Based Facsimile Input", Electrical Communications Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol 30 No 9, 1981, pp 2361-2372 (in Japanese) (abstract only)
  Handwritten numerals and katakana recognition, coping with facsimile distortions and variability.
• [NakamuraY83a] Nakamura, Y. "Character Reading Apparatus", US Patent 4,389,634, June 21, 1983
  Hand-held scanner for optical character recognition. Compare with Optacon, Anoto scanners?
• [NakataniLH83a] Nakatani, Lloyd H. and Rohrlich, John A. "Soft machines: A philosophy of user-computer interface design", Proc. CHI '83, pp 19-23
  Simulate real machines / controls for virtual devices using real-time computer graphics display and a touch screen digitizer: refers to switches and controls appearing on display in response to input from other switches or controls, such as a calculator changing modes and keys. Virtual keyboard, virtual mouse. Compare with Kaplow?
• [NelsonBJ81a] Nelson, Bruce Jay "Remote Procedure Call", XEROX PARC Report CSL-81-9, May 1981: PhD dissertation CMU report CMU-CS-81-119
  Generally credit with coining term RPC Remote Procedure Call. RPCs integrated into computer, or preprocessor for source file. Marshalling, exceptions, stub functions. Cites to other references for PKI authentication, authorization mechanisms. See also RFC 707, 1976.
• [Newbower81] Newbower, R. S.; Cooper, J. B.; Edmondson, J. E.; and Maier, W. Reynolds "Graphics-tablet for Data Entry in Computer-assisted Anesthesia Record-keeping", ?? Conf. Proc., IEEE 0195-4210/81/0000/0139, 1981, pp 139-142
  User-interface application: special symbols and markings with handwriting recognition for application involving anesthesia record keeping. User-interface: shows forms with combinations of writing, handwriting recognition, drawing, check-off menu areas, etc.
• [NicolK81a] Nicol, K. "A New Capacitive Transducer System for Measuring Force Distribution Statically and Dynamically", Proc. Transducer TempCon 81, Conf., June 10, 1981, pp. 1..32
  Matrix of capacitors with elastic/elastomeric dielectrics to measure force distribution. Multi-touch touchpad?
• [NiheiY83a] Nihei, Yoshiaki "Developmental Change in Covert Principles for the Organization of Strokes in Drawing and Handwriting", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 221-232
  Change in writing styles as kids grow up. With kids, timing information varies: e.g. sometimes write an "S" with two strokes, not one motion. In adults, timing information is consistent. Three effects: fixed/fluid anchoring -- start all strokes from same starting point, or from differing starting points. Directional principle: Only top-to-bottom and left-to-right strokes. (What about dominant left-handers?)
• [NintendoLife83a] McFerran, Damian "Feature: How Nintendo's Game and Watch Took "Withered Technology" and Turned it into a Million-Seller", Nintendo Life, January 1, 2021
  History of Gunpei Yoki and the Nintendo GameBoy: shows multi/dual-display game player (compare: Refalo) with single-axis hinge (clamshell), also book-side hinge. File included Wikipedia article on same dual-display device.
• [Numonics82] Numonics "DigiBit Product Description", Numonics Inc., 418 Pierce Street, Lansdale PA 19446, 1982
  Vendor of electromagnetic digitizer tablets: small vendor, mostly custom products.
• [OCR81a] (various) "OCR/scanner products circa 1981", (various), 1981
  Folder of OCR products circa 1981: Burroughs 1200 and Burroughs 1205 Series, AEG Formularleser PFL6160 POLYFONT, ECRM Concept 1 Pagereader; Burroughs PS100; DEST Corporation WorkLess Station; Datapro Research "All About Optical Readers" 1978; Datacopy CIR Software Character Image Recognition; Kurzweil KDEM 1200 Intelligent Character Recognition; Compuscan Alphaword Series 80.
• [Odaka81a] Odaka, Kazumi; Wakahara, Toru; and Hashimoto, Shin'ichiro "Online Handwritten Character Recognizer - An Application to Japanese Word Processor", EC Vol 81 No 20, pp 33-44 (in Japanese), 1981
  Japanese handwriting recognition / text editing, boxed (large format) input on tablet integrated into desk surface.
• [Odaka81b] Odaka, K. "On-line Pattern Recognition System for Hand-written Characters", US Patent 4,284,975, August 18, 1981
  NTT character recognition patent: Use of "feature points" in character recognition vs octants, etc.
• [Odaka82a] Odaka, K. and Masuda, I. "Pattern Recognition System for Hand-written Characters Operating on an On-Line Real-Time Basis", US Patent 4,317,109, February 23, 1982
  NTT character recognition patent. Patent on stroke-order independent recognition for Kanji/Chinese. Feature points for Kanji/Kana are lengths of segments.
• [Odaka82b] Odaka, Kzaumi; Arakawa, Hiroki and Masuda, Isao "On-line Recognition of Handwritten Characters by Approximating Each Stroke with Several Points", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-12 No 6, November 1982, pp 898-903
  See 1980 paper of same title in Japanese. Better than 99.8% correct recognition on Chinese/Kanji, hiragana, katakana, and alphanumerics/Romanji. Three to six feature points on each stroke for on-line handwriting recognition: points just resampled to a minimum distance? end-points of (Chinese) straight strokes only?
• [Odaka82c] Odaka, K.; Wakahara, T.; and Masuda, I. "Stroke Order Free On-line Character Recognition Algorithm and Its Application", Trans. Inst. Electonics and Commun. Eng. of Japan, Vol E65 no 6, June 1982, pp. 379-ff (partial copy)
  Shape matching for handwriting recognition, followed by specific algorithms for ambiguous cases. Uses distance measurements and not stroke-order information.
• [Odaka83a] Odaka, K.; Wakahara, T.; Masuda, I. and Hashimoto, S. "Stroke Order Free Online Character Recognition Algorithm and Its Application", Electronic Communications Laboratory Technical Journal, Vol 32 No 10, 1983, pp 2145-2158 (in Japanese)
  Japanese handwriting recognition: features are inter-stroke distance pairs: claims 99.5% accuracy on 2057 Kanji. Refers to AESOP user-interface for handwriting text/script editing. Measures accumulated distance along each stroke of an input with the strokes of an ideal sample -- compare with Tappert elastic matching?
• [Okamura83] Okamura, K.; Morita, K.; Kanaoka, T.; Okada, T. and Tomita, S. "Syntactic Pattern Recognition for Handwritten Katakana Characters by a Bottom-up Parser", Trans. of the Institute of Electronics and Communications Engineers of Japan, Vol J66D No 2, February 1983, pp 222-223. (Abstract only)
  NTIS abstract of Japanese publication: Katakana Japanese handwriting recognition. Same as 1985 paper by Nakamura with similar title?
• [OstremJS81a] Ostrem, John S. and Crane, Hewitt D. "Automatic Handwriting Verification", SRI International Project 8895, Final Report RADC-TR-81-328, November 1981
  Performance study of SRI accelerometer pen/stylus for signature verification. Subjectsknew how pen operates. Conclusion is that authentication would be better if features picked/individualized for particular signature for each user.
• [PaulusR82a] Paülus, Rüdolf and Mischo, Klaus "Operation setting device having stationary touch-sensitive control elements", US Patent 4,334,219, June 8, 1982
  Transparent touch panel using conductive strips: finger touch across two strips lowers resistance between them. Application is transparent stationary control keys / buttons on keyboard.
• [Pavlidis83a] Pavlidis, Theo "Effects of Distortions on the Recognition Rate of a Structural OCR System", Proc. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition '83, Washington, DC, June 1983, pp 303-309
  Cited in Lam86. 3-point calibration on digitizer tablets (not four points).
• [Pencept81a] Pencept "Pencept System Product Literature: "Introducting One-step Data Capture-and-Entry: Turning Source Data Capture into Data Entry"", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1981
  handwriting-input terminal product: VT-100 terminal emulation. Forms data entry, paper form placed on tablet, forms definition language. Eliminates re-typing/re-keying of data. Optical Character Recognition / OCR vs. Dynamic Character Recognition / DCR (on-line character recognition).
• [Pencept82a] Pencept "Pencept PenPad 320 Product Literature: "The Personal Penpad: Write into your Perconal Computer"", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1982
  handwriting-input terminal product: DCR dynamic character recognition (a.k.a. on-line handwriting recognition). Mentions boxed input for stroke parsing/segmentation. Character Coordinate mode sends position information with each recognized character. Also Keyboard Compatible Mode sending backspace/delete.
• [Pencept82b] Pencept "Hand Print Recognition Technology Provides A New Way To Use Computers", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1982
  handwriting-input terminal product: DCR dynamic character recognition (a.k.a. on-line handwriting recognition). Mentions boxed input for stroke parsing/segmentation. Tablet 11-inch high by 15-inch wide: standard paper with printed form on left, control area on right.
• [Pencept83a] Pencept "Pencept Penpad (TM) 200 Product Literature", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983
  handwriting-input terminal product.
• [Pencept83b] Pencept "PENPAD Reference Manual", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983 (hardcopy manual)
  Handwriting terminal with digitizing tablet and handwriting recognition. Handwriting recognition terminal from Pencept: VT-100 terminal emulation, with internal language for forms management. P. 3-7 keyboard emulation mode for input. p. 3-36 virtual tablets, virtual areas with independent programming, coordinate origin/rotation/scaling.
• [Pencept83c] Pencept "Pencept Penpad 320 Product Literature: "If computers are so user-friendly, how come they're so hard to use?"", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983
  handwriting-input terminal product: Software control at the stroke of a pen. Only one hand needed for input, not two hands plus mouse (three-handed monkey). Penpatch software handwriting input in parallel with keyboard.
• [Pencept83d] Pencept "Pencept Personal Penpad Manual", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983
  User guide/manual for Pencept Personal Penpad (320) terminal device. Handwriting recognition, ANSI-protocol-based API for tablet and forms input functions.
• [Pencept83e] Pencept "Pencept Personal Penpad 320", Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, 1983 (physical device)
  Pencept Personal Penpad (320) terminal device. Handwriting recognition, ANSI-protocol-based API for tablet and forms input functions. Operational as of 2004.
• [PepperW81a] Pepper, William Jr. "Touch panel system and method", US Patent 4,293,734, October 6, 1981
  Transparent touch panel: Resistive-film touchpanel, finger may either be source or sink of signal. Signal flowing through user's body to ground, or signals generated by ambient noise (e.g. 60-Hz hum). Pressure-sensitive touch panel, transparent touch panel using ITO or transparent polyester film. Triangular resistive sheet touchpanel with three sides.
• [PepperW81b] Pepper, William Jr. "Video game apparatus and method", US Patent 4,302,011, November 24, 1981
  Touch-screen digitizer that senses intensity of touch force or pressure, used as a game controller. Touch sensor refers to phase of electric field: electrostatic/capacitive coupling for resistive sheet tablet?
• [PepperW82] Pepper, William Jr. "Touch panel system and method", US Patent 4,353,552, October 12, 1982
  Resistive-film touchpanel, finger may either be source or sink of signal. Signal flowing through user's body to ground, or signals generated by ambient noise (e.g. 60-Hz hum). Pressure-sensitive touch panel using piezoelectric force/pressure transducer sensors behind panel, transparent touch panel using ITO or transparent polyester film. Triangular resistive sheet touchpanel with three sides. Displays icons for touch locations (indicia).
• [PepperW83a] Pepper, William Jr. "Edge terminations for impedance planes", US Patent 4,371,746, February 1, 1983
  Edge connectors to linearize pin-cushion distortions at edges of resistive film digitizer / touch-screen by compensating with non-isotropic resistance regions.
• [PetersC83a] Peters, Chris "The Microsoft Mouse: Letting the mouse out of the bag", BYTE Magazine, June 1983, pp 130-143
  Microsoft mouse: article compares mouse to light pen and to joystick. Piano demonstration program.
• [PetersenP83a] Petersen, Peter "Man-Machine Communication: CERT Thesis", PhD Thesis, CERT / Aalborg Universitetscenter, 11 January 1983
  Review of CERN user-interface (man-machine interface) developments, including capacitive touchscreen. Capacitance measurement by charge-time detector (did not work well), and by voltage divider (worked better). 16-button touchscreen with hierarchical menus. Cites to touchscreens based on cross wires, infrared light, acoustic waves, resistive, capacitive.
• [PickHL83a] Pick, Herbert L. Jr. and Teulings, Hans-Leo "Geometric Transformations of Handwriting as a Function of Instruction and Feedback", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 327-340
  Tell users to change their handwriting: changing slant works, but if say to make taller, users also make wider, and vice versa. (Handwriting variability).
• [PiliavinMA82a] Piliavin, Michael A. and Toker, James R. "Switch for sensing proximity of an operator", US Patent 4,363,029, December 7, 1982
  Touch pad: capacitive proximity sensor used as capacitive touch button. Uses reference element to establish baseline or reference relative to environmental changes (compare: differential measurement?). Intended to be on glass on front of display element e.g. LCD cell or electro-luminescent display.
• [Plamondon83] Plamondon, R. and Brault, J-J. "A System for Signature Analysis and Verification Based on an Accelerometer Pen", Proc. Intl. Carnahan Conf. on Security Technology, Zurich, Switzerland October 4-6, 1983, pp 157-163
  Uses tilt angle in signature verification.
• [PopularScience81a] Popular Science "Electronic printer transmits mail, makes copies, too", Popular Science, February 1981
  Xerox 5700 printer with touch-screen interface showing simulated buttons and switches, touch-to-begin.
• [PurbrickJA81a] Purbrick, John A. "A Force Transducer Employing Conductive Silicone Rubber", Proc. First Intl. Conf on Robot vision and Sensor controls, 1981, pp. 73-79
  Cited in Boie 1985. Matrix of elastomeric resistive/conductive silicone rubber bars with crosspoints grid for measuring force at crosspoints. No anti-aliasing? Compare with multi-touch touchpad?
• [Quest82] Quest Automation Limited "Micropad User's Guide", Quest House, Prince's Road, Ferndown, Dorset BH22 9HQ, United Kingdom, 1982
  Micropad dynamic on-line character recognition product: Resistive film digitizer?
• [Quest83] Quest Automation Limited "Q-Sign Terminal product literature", 10 Whittle Road, Wimborne, Dorset BH21 7SD, United Kingdom. Tel: 0202 891518, 1983
  Quest Automation: Micropad signature verification product.
• [Ray81] Ray, A. K. and Chatterjee, B. "An Algorithm for the Recognition of Constrained Handwritten English Numerical Characters", Jnl. the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers of India, Vol 27 No 9, September 1981, pp 297-299
  NTIS abstract: OCR on handwriting recognition of numerals: features are true endpoints, true group points, and true cross points.
• [RecycledGoods83a] Recycled Goods Inc. "Pencept M200 Penpad Tablet Computer - Vintage Collectible", www.labx.com/v2/spiderdealer, fetched December 2007
  Pencept Penpad M200 handwriting terminal, circa 1983, showing system box, digitizer, etc.
• [Rediffusion82] Rediffusion Computers Limited "WRITAWAY product literature", Kelvin Way, Crawley, Sussex RH10 2LY, England, 1982
  Micropad-like handwriting recognition product from England, using two resistive sheets and an air separator on the tablet.
• [Reilly81] Reilly, Douglas L.; Cooper, Leon N. and Elbaum, Charles "A Neural Model for Category Learning", Center for Neural Science and Department of Physics, Brown Univ., Rhode Island, 1981
  date approximate: Neural (net) model for supervised learning, later applied to handwriting recognition.
• [RivestRL83a] Rivest, Ronald L.; Shamir, Adi; and Adleman, Leonard M. "Cryptographic Communications System and Method", US Patent 4,405,829, September 20, 1983
  Patent on original RSA public-key encryption/decryption algorithm.
• [RocheleauRT81a] Rocheleau, R. T. "Coarse Position Digitizer", US Patent 4,242,843, January 6, 1981
  Electromagnetic digitizer with stylus loop as the transmitter, grid as the receiver. Uses coarse position from which grid wire, fine position from interpolation of phase?
• [RomeinJJ81a] Romein, J. J. "Acoustic Writing Combination, Comprising a Stylus with an Associated Writing Tablet", US Patent 4,246,439, January 20, 1981
  Acoustic digitizer design: two ultrasonic sound sources on the stylus, permitting tilt / parallax correction: compare with tilt correction on light-pen? Digitizer accuracy (for comparison): pencil lines are 0.005-inch, Ink is 0.01-inch wide, visual acuity is 0.0005-inch max.
• [RubinSM83a] Rubin, Steven M. "An Integrated Aid for Top-Down Electrical Design", Proc. VLSI '83, 1983, pp. 63..72
  Brief overview of interactive graphics CAD/CAM system for circuit design, user interface "portable" to different pointing devices e.g. mouse, tablet.
• [SAC82] SAC "Digitizer Terminology and Comparability", Science Accessories Corp., 1982, Southport, Connecticut
• [SadoR81a] Sado, Ryoichi "Anisotropically pressure-sensitive electroconductive composite sheets and method for the preparation thereof", US Patent 4,252,391, February 24, 1981
  Compressible conductive composite sheet (compare: conductive rubber) with low resistance perpendicular to plane of sheet when pressed. Conductive fibers in insulator with plasticity. Fibers are aligned by applying shearing force during hardening, cut slices off. Carbon fiber in silicone rubber. One application is gas seals in electrical connectors.
• [Saghri81] Saghri, J. A. and Freeman, H. "Analysis of the precision of generalized chain codes for the representation of planar curves", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, September 1981, pp 533-539
  Line-segment approximation shows average quantization error a function of grid size, not angle resolution: gives formula for grid size vs matching accuracy.
• [Sakoe82] Sakoe, Hiroaki "A Generalized Two-Level DP-Matching Algorithm for Continuous Speech Recognition", Trans. of the I.E.C.E. of Japan, Vol E65 No 11, November, 1982, pp 649-656
  Dynamic programming, time-skipping, dynamic time warping, for speech (author has also published on handwriting character recognition).
• [SalkeldRJ82a] Salkeld, Robert J. and Sklarew, Ralph C. "Closed Space Structures", US Patent 4,318,517, March 9, 1982
  Same Ralph Sklarew of Grid computer: structures in space the form of a ring around a planet or other orbiting body: cites Larry Niven "Ringworld" as prior art. Sklarew also had early tablet/pen portable computer.
• [Salter83] Salter, L. "Variability of Japanese Characters", internal report, Pencept, Inc., 39 Green Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02154, September 1983
  Analysis (no user studies) of variability expected in Japanese handwriting recognition, based on what had been found in ASCII alphabetic handwriting and stylus dynamics.
• [Samet81] Samet, Hanan "An Algorithm for Converting Rasters to Quadtrees", IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3, No 1, January 1981, pp 93-ff
  Image processing: group lines/regions in scanned raster image / bitmap into quadtrees, where tree nodes are maximal blocks (e.g. minimal fragmentation of regions).
• [SasakiL81a] Sasaki, L.; Fedorkow, G.; Buxton, W.; Retterath, C.; and Smith, K. C. "A Touch-Sensitive Input Device", Intl. Computer Music Conf. Proc., 1981, pp. 293-297
  Single-touch pressure sensitive (contact area) capacitive touchscreen/tablet for musical instrument input. Matrix of X and Y conductors, measure capacitance change on conductors individually. Adjust two values at once using X/Y input of tablet, into SSSP digital synthesizer music program. Third value from "pressure" (pseudo-pressure: analogous to pressure) as amount of capacitance change with surface area of contact. Multi-touch input would be better. Cited in Lee 85. States desire for multi-touch with pressure/force sensing. Lag in response: bad behavior of tablet (or of software stack?).
• [SatoT82] Sato, T. and Toja, A. "Recognition and Understanding of Hand-drawn diagrams", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, pp 674-677, 1982
  Cleaning up graphical drawings using low-level symbol recognition: (see sketch editing, prettifying).
• [SatoY82] Sato, Yuichi and Nakamura, Taichi "Predictive Encoding Method for Handwriting Signals", Trans. of the IECE of Japan, Vol E 65 No 2, February 1982, p. 133 (abstract only)
  30 Hz sampling of handwriting on a tablet, DPCM/PCM coders to send handwriting at 200-300 bits/second, 100-500 bit buffer: tablet performance/handwriting signal extraction/frequency response.
• [Schaeken82] Schaeken, B. and Verschueren, W. "A Recognition System for Handwritten Numerals", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, Munich, Germany, October 19-22, 1982
  NTIS: Supervised learning on statistical recognizer.
• [SchiffW82a] Schiff, William and Foulke, Emerson (ed.) "Tactual Perception: a sourcebook", Cambridge University Press, 1982
  Collection of papers on tactual perception / haptic feedback. Dynamic tactile displays. Haptic perception of tangible graphic displays, Tangible graphic displays in the education of blind persons/ visually impaired. Production of tangible graphics displays. Description of Optacon tactile display. Perkins Brailler, vacuum forming for printing Braille, tactile maps.
• [SchmandtC81a] Schmandt, Christopher and Hulteen, Eric A. "The Intelligent Voice-Interactive Interface", Proc. CHI'82, pp 363-366
  Put-That-There project: hand-pointing gestures and voice command input. 3D gestures using Polhemus digitizer.
• [SchulzeLJJ83a] Schulze, Lawrence J. J. and Snyder, Harry L. "A Comparative Evaluation Of Five Touch Entry Devices", Virginia Polytechnic Institute report AD-A240 114, October 1, 1983
  Comparison of touchscreen digitizer / touch entry devices (TED) technologies: touch wire, cross wire, capacitive, conductive film (resistive), acoustic ranging, infrared (optical beam) and pressure sensitive. Cites to E. A. Johnson 1960's for invention of touch entry device.
• [SerranoJJ81a] Serrano, Juan de J. "Electrically Integrated Touch Input and Output Display System", US Patent 4,290,061, September 15, 1981
  Integrated touchscreen (capacitive) and gas-discharge or LCD display. Electrodes of display do double-duty as electrodes of touchscreen. Conductive material can be tin oxide (ITO) or wire mesh for transparency. In-cell touchscreen.
• [Shillman81] Shillman, R. J. "Dynamic Character Recognition: An Emerging Technology", invited paper, Proc. COMPCON 81, 22nd IEEE Computer Society Intl. Conf., IEEE Catalog No 81-CH1626-1, February 23-26, 1981
  Handwriting input overview paper by Bob Shillman. Gives more recent address for Micropad Limited, Image Data Products Limited, handwriting commercial vendors.
• [ShinghalR82a] Shinghal, R. and Suen, C. Y. "A Method for Selecting Constrained Hand-Printed Character Shapes for Machine Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 1, pp 74-78, 1982
  Shows lots of collected base forms (with Suen).
• [ShinghalR82b] Shinghal, Rahan "An Experimental Investigation of Four Text Recognition Algorithms", IEEE Trans. System Man and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-12, No 4, July/August 1982, pp. 573-577
  Context helps on character recognition: specifically modified Viterbi algorithm, even on "unconventional" English text.
• [ShinghalR83a] Shinghal, R. "A hybrid algorithm for contextual text recognition", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16, 1983, pp 261-267
  Context via Markov method, plus a dictionary, better than predictor-corrector method. Sinha88 cites on spelling/dictionary context correction.
• [ShiraiY82a] Shirai, Yoshiaki "Image Processing for Data Capture", IEEE Computer, November 1982 pp. 21-35
  Review of extracting 3D information from 2D images: shading, binocular imaging: mostly machine vision. Also sketch recognition for hand-drawn (scanned) electronic circuit diagrams.
• [Shneiderman83] Shneiderman, B. "Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages", IEEE Computer, Vol 16 No 8, pp 57-69, August 1983
  Refers to IBM direct-manipulation office desktop user interface "Pictureworld" (like Microsoft's "Bob"?), with file cabinets, mailboxes, notebooks, phone messages. Direct manipulation: gesture/command symbols user interface. States that direct manipulation UIs are more like actual objects people already comprehend, therefore easier to use (e.g. VisiCalc spreadsheet and a paper spreadsheet). Defines direct manipulation as manipulating digital objects on a screen without the use of command-line commands. Has definition of direct manipulation, page 64.
• [Shoukry83] Shoukry, Amin and Amin, Adnan "Topological and statistical analysis of line drawings", Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol 1, July 1983, pp 365-374
  On-line handwriting recognition using two-dimensional graph (chain codes) using slope/angle of lines, intersections, labyrinthology, for features.
• [Siddiqui83] Siddiqui, K. J. and Shinghal, R. "Using Contextual Postprocessing to Improve Machine Recognition of Text", IEEE Intl. Symp. on Information Theory, 26-30 September, 1983, St. Jovite, Quebec (abstract only)
  Recognition performance 71% on Munsun's OCR handwriting data set, improved to 86% with Viterbi context algorithm.
• [SinghB83] Singh, Baldev; Beatty, John C.; Booth, Kellogg S. and Ryman, Rhonda "A Graphics Editor for Benesh Movement Notation", Computer Graphics, Vol 17 No 3, pp 51-ff, 1983
  Digitizer tablet with four-button puck, experiment in GUI design with floating (pop-up?) and dynamic menus.
• [SmithAR81] Smith, A. Richard and Erman, Lee D. "Noah -- A Bottom-Up Word Hypothesizer for Large-Vocabulary Speech Understanding Systems", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-3 No 1, January 1981, pp 41-51
  Context: using low-level speech context, hypothesizes word for higher-level context analysis. Context to resolve co-articulation on continuous speech recognition. Cites experiments to determine human use of context in speech. On speech recognition, discusses possible biases and justifications for them in training and test data collection.
• [SmithDC82a] Smith, David Canfield; Irby, Charles; Kimball, Ralpha; Verplank, Bill "Designing the Star User Interface", BYTE Magazine, 1982 No 4, pp 242-282
  Design of Xerox Star GUI with mouse and keyboard: mouse uses trackball rather than SRI wheels. Development philosophy: throw away first implementation, it was always a prototype. Properties and application sheets for graphical objects. Move is by click-source/click-MOVE-button/click-target, not drag/move gesture. Keyboard windows / on-screen keyboard / virtuelle Tastatur, similar to soft input panel SIP?
• [SmithDC82b] Smith, David Canfield; Irby, Charles; Kimball, Ralpha; Harslem, Eric "The Star User Interface: an overview", Proc. NCC AFIPS '82, June 7-10, 1982, pp. 515-528
  Desktop user interface patterned after physical office: forms/records have no physical counterpart. Data icons and function icons, e.g. icons for printers, file cabinets, folders, property sheets. Keyboard windows / on-screen keyboard display, similar to soft input panel SIP? press-and-hold? Earlier references back to 1977.
• [SnellJM83a] Snell, John M. "Sensors for Playing Computer Music with Expression", Proc. Intl. Computer Music Conf., 1983, pp. 113-126
  Touch-sensitive touchpads in music for expression: add touch surfaces to clavier keyboard keys to send finger-force during a note, or movement in in Y direction (X is pitch, need the discrete keys). Back of black and white keys merge to a flat surface for continuous pitch control in X direction. Linear touch sensor may be sub-divided into sections for multiple fingers on same pitch (multi-touch). Reducing motion travel of key allows faster playing: substitute with force sensor. Cites multi-touch to Bill Buxton in 1983 for musical instrument input. Musicians rely on tactile (haptic?) feedback (feel of the physical instrument) in playing. Optical multi-touch input using "wine glass effect" of total internal reflection on a glass surface. Discussion of force-feedback musical keyboards.
• [SnowberryK83a] Snowberry, K. et al "Computer Display Menus", Ergonomics, Vol 26 No 7, 1983, pp 699-712
  Hierarchical menu breadth / wide menus gives faster user actions than tall / narrow menus. Compare with pie menus?
• [SovikN83a] Sovik, Nils and Teulings, Hans-Leo "Real time feedback of handwriting in a teaching program", Acta Psycologica, vol 54, 1983, pp. 285..2901
  Study of unsuccessful system to teach smoothness (constant velocity) in script handwriting recognition for children.
• [SpenceR82a] Spence, Robert and Apperley, Mark "Data base navigation: an office environment for the professional", Behavior and Information Technology, Vol 1 No 1, 1982, pp. 43-54
  Paper study (as in paper-based prototype) for a interface for database use (office) combining touchscreen pointing, gesturing, touching, and spoken voice recognition commands. Anticipates using wall-sized display, in-air pointing by ultrasonic or capacitive sensor to point to icons. Refers to in-air pointing (hover, proximity) as Teletouch, "fingerprint" confirming cursor to indicate icon is being pointed to. Cites to Micropad handwriting recognition terminal, and Bolt "Put-that-there" gesture input.
• [Srihari82] Srihari, Sargur N. and Bozinovic, Radmilo "A String Correction Algorithm for Cursive Script Recognition", Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. on Pattern Recognition, IEEE CH1801-0/82/0000/0232 1981, pp 232-234
  Spelling dictionary string correction, using a posteriori computation after recognition is done.
• [Srihari83a] Srihari, S. N.; Hull, J. J. and Choudhari, R. "Integrating diverse knowledge sources in text recognition", ACM Trans. Office Information Systems, Vol 1 no 1, 1983, pp 68-87
  Context from bottom-up (probability from previous letter sequence), channel (probability of "A" corrupting to "B"), and top-down (lexicon). Spelling correction for substitution errors: same as Hull83a.
• [Stentiford83] Stentiford, Frederick W. M. and Mortimer, R. G. "Some New Heuristics for Thinning Binary Handprinted Characters for OCR", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-13 No 1, January/February 1983, pp 81-84
  Line-thinning for handwritten data. Skeletonization/thinning: side effects are spurious projection, necking, tail generation, noise holes, with heuristics to fix them.
• [StewartTJ81] Stewart, Theodor J. "An Interactive Approach to Multiple Criteria Decisionmaking Based on Statistical Inference", IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-11, No 11, November 1981, pp 733-ff
  feature selection critical in pattern recognition (see other references on choice of features).
• [Suen82] Suen, C. Y. and Shinghal, R. "A Method for Selecting Constrained Hand-Printed Character Shapes for Machine Recognition", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol Pami-4 No 1, January 1982, pp 74-78
  Describes Suen's data base of 174 types of sample handprinted block characters for handwriting recognition. Shows stroke directions and sequences, but emphasis is on OCR scanned imaged, including density grids (a.k.a. gray scale?)
• [Suen83] Suen, C. Y. "Handwriting Generation, Perception, and Recognition", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 295-312
  Describes printing, script, and manuscript styles and their legibility to humans. Says writing speed for printing increases with practice. Digitizer spec is for 3/8-inch proximity sensing range.
• [Summagraphics81a] Summagraphics "Bit Pad One User's Manual", Summagraphics Corp., August 1981
  User's manual for Summagraphics Bit Pad One magnetostrictive tablet digitizer. Describes (accurately?) magnetostrictive technology. Has Schematics of control electronics.
• [Summagraphics82a] Summagraphics "Summagrid User's Guide", page A-3, Summagraphics Corp., 1982, Fairfield, Connecticut, 1982
• [Summagraphics82b] Summagraphics "An Application Note: How the Summagraphics data tablet digitizer is used", Summagraphics, 1982
  Application note for Summagraphics data tablet, pattern recognition for handwritten characters at University of New Brunswick Computing Centre, handwritten characters: pre-processing and classification subroutines, with menu-picking areas (rectangles) on side of tablet.
• [Summagraphics82c] Summagraphics "Bit Pad One: The versatile Data Tablet Digitizer for your computer system Product Information", Summagraphics, 1982
  BitPad-1: de facto serial interface standard for digitizing tablets, especially with stylus. Sales literature mentions data entry, cursor control (mouse/locator input), elimination of typing. File includes photo from Buxton Collection of four-button tablet puck.
• [Summagraphics83a] Summagraphics "MM 1201 and MM 961 Technical Reference (Preliminary for Preproduction Product)", Summagraphics Corp., 1983
  Electromagnetic digitizer: describes increment mode, with minimum distance threshold to record movement in stream mode. Compare with press-and-hold?
• [TanakaHa82] Tanaka, Hatsukazu; Hirakawa, Yutaka; and Kaneku, Seiko "Recognition of Distorted Patterns Using the Viterbi Algorithm", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4 No 1, January 1982, pp 18-25
  Viterbi algorithm plus a trellis of partial patterns, to do recognition of whole from context of parts.
• [TanakaHi82] Tanaka, Hideo; Uejima, Satoru; and Asai, Kiyoji "Linear Regression Analysis with Fuzzy Model", IEEE Trans. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Vol SMC-12 No 6, November 1982, pp 903-907
  Fuzzy sets applied to pattern recognition where classifications overlap.
• [Tanner83] Tanner, Peter, P. and Buxton, William A. S. "Some Issues in Future User Interface Management System (UIMS) Development", Technical Report, Univ. Ontario, also in "User Center System Design: New Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction", Norman, Donald A. and Draper, Stephen W (Ed.), 1986, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey / London
  Joystick, track-ball, digitizer tablet, with two-handed input.
• [TappertCC82] Tappert, C. C. "Cursive Script Recognition by Elastic Matching", IBM Jnl. Research and Development, Vol 26 No 6, November 1982, pp 765-771
  Handwriting cursive recognition by point-by-point distance measurements against "ideal" cursive writing. Does not do well with loops vs cusps, which are forms that transition into each other in handwriting motion and variability. Refers to hook effects due to weak tablets as a big problem (bad behavior): compare with Ward patent and article on digitizer tables. Combines letters in connected script to match whole words (context/dictionary.).
• [Taylor83] Taylor, I. and Taylor, M. M. "The Psychology of Reading", New York: Academic Press, 1983, pp 183-193
  Extensive review of reading: ambiguity, context. Comments on Chinese character having very different meanings depending on context, also dyslexia apparently rare in Japan and Korea (syllabary) and Taiwan (Chinese ideograms). One side of characters more important than other in human recognition, but opposite sides in English and Hebrew (left-to-right vs. right-to-left reading direction?). Bozinovic89 cites for human recognition by outline of word (as shown in WrightG52).
• [Telesis81a] Telesis Systems Corporation "Telesis Systems Corporation, Business plan", Telesis System Corp., Concord MA, January 1981 (hardcopy book)
  Business plan for CAD/CAM company. Product used two displays, one for displaying menus and using lightpen/touchscreen input, the other for the CAD display.
• [ThomasJJ83] Thomas, James J. and Hamlin, Griffith "Workshop summary: Graphical Input Interaction Technique", printed in Computer Graphics, Vol 5, January 1983, pp 279-304
  Workshop report on graphical input interaction user interfaces: including handwriting recognition GUI.
• [ThornburgDD82a] Thornburg, David D.; Flegal, Robert M.; and Lam, Tat C. "Graphics Pen for Soft Displays", US Patent 4,318,096, March 2, 1982
  Tablet pen with cylindrical off-axis force/pressure transducer in the tip, to measure side-force on the stylus, for graphic arts rendering. (Inventor of KoalaPad). Pressure/force sensor uses conductive elastomeric material, contact area increases with force/pressure.
• [ThornburgDD82b] Thornburg, David D. "Cursor Control", US Patent 4,313,113, January 26, 1982
  Cursor control pointing device, uses force sensors that work by contact resistance from contact area as two electrodes pressed together: one electrode form from conductive/resistive elastomeric material: conductive rubber, but not pressure-sensitive itself). Used to make force-sensitive arrow keys (key switches) on computer keyboard, speed/velocity controlled by pressure. Compare with Home Row joystick key?
• [ToddR81a] Todd, Robert "Apparatus and Method for Recognizing a Pattern", US Patent 4,259,661, March 31, 1981
  Cited in Bokser88. OCR hardware: recognition via template comparison.
• [TogashiS82a] Togashi, Seigo and Tsuzuki, Akira "Liquid crystal display device with write-in capability", US Patent 4,345,248, August 17, 1982
  Optical touchscreen with in-cell photoelectric light sensors integrated with electronics of LCD display. Uses "light pen" stylus with optical emitter.
• [TorokGP82a] Torok, G. P. and White, A. B. "Remote Chalk-board automatic Cursor", US Patent 4,317,956, March 2, 1982
  Remote chalkboard / whiteboard / telautograph, display remote cursor showing where the stylus/marker is in proximity (?) so that things can be "pointed to" remotely without marking. Digitizer tablet patent on automatic cursor, mark erasure (recognition strokes removed in electronic ink user-interface), GUI display of eraser in remote whiteboard system. Uses "telautograph" system as term for whiteboard system, but unidirectional whiteboard, only communicating one way. Use of a display/proximity cursor on whiteboard to help other user notice where things are being written, and to "point to" images.
• [Tsichritzis82] Tsichritzis, D. "Form Management", CACM, Vol 25 No 7, July 1982, pp 453-478
  Deals with forms in office management, says flow of forms is important. Mentions non-paper "forms" for voice. Refers to operations on forms: automatic calculation, etc. Compare with electronic ink / handwriting text recognition forms data capture in PenApps, Penpoint, PenWindows, etc. Quoted in Hakmatpour86 (missing from this list?).
• [TsikosC82a] Tsikos, Constantine "Capacitive Fingerprint Sensor", US Patent 4,353,067, October 5, 1982
  Capacitive fingerprint sensor: array of individual capacitors, finger ridges push plates closer together, alternatively sensing plates capacitance to flexible conductive sheet deformed by finger ridges. Later cited in touchscreen design (Fitzpatrick 1995).
• [Turba81] Turba, T. N. "Checking for spelling and typographical errors in computer-based text", Proc. ACM SIGPLAN SIOGA Symp. on Text Manipulation, Portland, Oregon, June 1981, pp 51-60
  Cited in Hull83a. Spelling/context correction using structural information: invalid prefix (e.g. "in" for "im"), joining of suffix (beginner vs beginner), etc. rather than just comparison with word list.
• [VersaComputing81a] Versa Computing, Inc. "VersaWriter Reference Manual", Versa Computing, Inc., February 1981
  Pantographic digitizer drawing board (digitizing tablet) with applications software for Atari computers. Two drawing arm linkages to a pointer, potentiometer sensors. Outlines calibration procedure with arms at 90-degree orthogonal angles. States advantages over RF or electrostatic fields (electromagnetic and capacitive touchpads/tablets) are reliability, and not erasing floppy disks. Compare with other pantographic tablets? (See also 1993 "What is VersaWriter".)
• [Voiers83] Voiers, W. D. "Evaluating Processed Speech using the Diagnostic Rhyme Test", Speech Technology, January/February 1983, pp 30-39
  Speech: how contextual factors are controlled in test protocols affects recognition results. Speech recognition failures completely explained by a limited set of underlying phonemic (human recognition) features.
• [Wakahara83] Wakahara, T. and Umeda, M. "Stroke-number and Stroke-order Free On-line Character Recognition by Selective Stroke Linkage Method", Proc. ICTP '83, Tokyo, October 17-19, 1983, pp 157-162
  Combinatorial solution to stroke connection and stroke order variations. Break strokes into equal-length pieces, then match them as a feature.
• [WalkerJ83] Walker, John "The Autodesk File: Crisis Letter", www.fourmilab.ch/autofile, 1983
  From collection of internal documents on the history of AutoCad: June 21, 1983. cites special concern on marketing deal with Sun-Flex (touch-pen touchscreen digitizers), Touch-pen considering alternative vendor P-CAD.
• [WallaceBA81a] Wallace, Bruce A. "Merging and Transformation of Raster Images for Cartoon Animation", Computer Graphics, vol 15 No 3, August 1981, pp 253-262
  opacity mask and image blending (similar to alpha blending) for anti-aliasing.
• [Wang83] Wang, C. Sun, H.; Yada, S. and Rosenfeld, A. "Some experiments in relaxation image matching using corner features", Pattern Recognition, Vol 16, 1983, pp 167-182
  Mentioned in Yu90: on context for line thinning using chain codes.
• [Watanabe83] Watanabe, Y.; Gyoba, J. and Maruyama, K. "Reaction time and eye movements in the recognition task of hand-written Katakana-letters", Japanese Jnl. Psychology, Vol 54 No 1, pp 58-61, 1983 (in Japanese)
  Uses eye fixation to determine what features are cognitively important. Repeats and continues Blesser et al's early work from Massachusetts Institute of Technology: user's look at specific features in handwritten characters that would be in a confusion matrix.
• [Watari83] Watari, Masao; Sakoe, Hiroaki; Chiba, Seibi; Ishizuka, Hisao; Kawakami, Yuichi; and Iwate, Toshiki "A DP-Matching LSI for Speech Recognition", NEC Research and Development, No 70, pp 71-78, July 1983
  Dedicated dual processor chip used for speech recognition.
• [WeltyC81a] Welty, Charles and Stemple, David W. "Human Factor Comparison of a Procedural and a Non-procedural Query Language", ACM Trans. Database Sys. 6(4):626-649 (December 1981)
  TABLET - Query language, more procedural than SQL. Human Factors (learnability) of a programming language. TABLET is more verbose, Cobol-like syntax.
• [WhiteJM83] White, J. M. and Rohrer, G. D. "Image Thresholding for Optical Character Recognition and Other Applications Requiring Character Image Extraction", IBM Jnl. Research and Development, Vol 27 No 4, pp 400..411, July 1983
  Handwriting recognition using nonlinear adaptive procedure: thresholding of scanned OCR images. Pre-processing to clean up OCR scanner images of carbon copy forms, bank checks, smudges, scenic backgrounds, etc.
• [WhitfieldD83] Whitfield, D.; Ball, R. G. and Bird, J. M. "Some comparisons of on-display and off-display touch input devices for interaction with computer generated displays", Ergonomics, Vol 26, 1983, pp 1033-1053
  Includes definition of touchscreen and touchpad which may be separate from display, review of touch-screen digitizer technologies. Mentions activate-on-lift ("removing finger"). Royal Signal "Touchpad" uses mylar sheets held apart by air pressure: micropad? Fall-out errors (inadvertent skips) on touchpad/tablet, lifting of finger errors (light pressure bad behaviors?). Cited in Beringer89 for electronic ink hardware?
• [WillisR83a] Willis, Richard "Big Blue Goes Japanese", BYTE Magazine, November 1983, pp. 144-163
  IBM 5550 Japanese (Katakana and Kanji) display terminal, 24x24 matrix characters. See also CIC Handwriter handwriting recognition tablet for 5550.
• [Wing83] Wing, A. M.; Nimmo-Smith, M. I. and Eldridge, M. A. "The Consistency of Cursive Letter Formation as a Function of Position in the Word", Acta Psychologica, Vol 54, 1983, pp 197-204
  Allograph (variant) selection based on preceding context character.
• [Witkin83] Witkin, A. P. "Scale-space filtering", Proc. Intl. Joint Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, 1983, pp 1019-1022
  Cited in Lipscomb91. Template matching of varying signals by filtering/smoothing at different scales to reduce noise, filtering is adaptive and variable.
• [WittenIH82a] Witten, Ian H. "Principles of Computer Speech", Academic Press Inc. Ltd., London, 1982
  Handbook on technology and principles of computer speech output: speech digitalization, compression, encoding, artificial generation of phonemes. Notes that exact pronunciation (in English) less critical than "prosodic" features from text in a reading machine for the blind (Kurzweil). Limited discussion of speech recognition (limited vocabulary, discrete/separated words vs. connected speech). Chapter 10 on keypad dictionary, keypad codes with terminator symbol (#) result in unique words, with synthetic voice confirmation feedback. Poem "The Chaos" on ambiguity of English pronunciation from written text.
• [WolfeldJA81a] Wolfeld, Jeffrey A. "Real time control of a robot tactile sensor", Technical report MS-CIS-81-04 and Master's Thesis, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, U. Penn., August 1981
  Early multi-touch sensor (cited in Lindemann): Pad sensor, 8x8 grid of pressure (force) sensitive sites, connected to strain gauges for parallel force. References for artificial force-sensing/touch-sensing robotic skin.
• [WuL82a] Wu, Li-De "On the Chain Code of a Line", IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol PAMI-4, No 3, May 1982
  Chain codes of optically scanned / static character recognition OCR.
• [Xerox81a] Xerox Corporation "Xerox 8010 Star Information System Learner's Guide", Xerox Corp., 1981
  Introductory User's Guide to Xerox Star. Printing, mailing, document editing, ford processing, etc. Point-and-click with mouse, no drag gestures.
• [Xerox82a] Xerox Corporation "Xerox Star User Interface", Posted on Youtube, 2009
  Video demonstration of Xerox Star graphical user interface circa 1982. Posting comments opine no checkboxes or direct manipulation. Two-button mouse: separate point-and-click specification of selection and destination: special function keys on keyboard for Again, Find, (make) Same, Open, Delete, Copy, Move, (show) Properties. Additional for expand/contract, margins, font, undo, etc. Three steps for move: click-to-select, function key, click-on-destination. Single/double/triple click to select character, word, sentence, paragraph. Uses term virtual keyboard. See also 1998 retrospective demo.
• [YamamotoE81] Yamamoto, E.; Fujii, N.; Fujita, T.; Ito, C. and Tanahashi, J. "Handwritten Kanji Character Recognition Using the Features Extracted from Multiple Standpoints", ?? Conf. Proc., IEEE CH-1595-8/81/0000/0131, 1981
  Using multiple features rather than single feature, and weighting results, gives better performance on character recognition.
• [YamamotoK83] Yamamoto, K. "Studies on the Recognition of Handprinted Characters by Structural Analysis Methods", Research Electrotechnical Laboratory, Report No 831 1-114, February 1973 (in Japanese)
  Outermost point recognition method for Romanji, numeral, Katakana.
• [YamasakiK82a] Yamasaki, Koji "Radio Pager Having Optional Annunciating Means", US Patent 4,352,091, September 28, 1982
  Tactile/haptic display/feedback in hand-held radio pager in conjunction with alert tones.
• [YamasakiT82a] Yamasake, T.; Inokuchi, S. and Sakurai, Y. "Training System for Handwritten Chinese Characters Using On-Line Character Recognition Techniques", Trans. of IECE of Japan, Vol E65 No 10, p 602, October 1982 (Abstract only)
  Well-writing: teaching users how to write Chinese, not recognize Chinese handwriting. Science Citation Index.
• [YasuharaM82a] Yasuhara, M. and Yasumoto, Y. "An Improved Adaptive Predictor in DPCM Based on Kalman Filter and Its Application to Handwriting Signal Encoding", Working paper submitted to IEEE Trans. on Comp., Univ. Electro-Commuications, Japan, March 25, 1982
  Encoding of handwriting motion/motor input based on model of handwriting motion. Kalman filter applied to "quantization error" of tablet coordinates, but does not discuss internal functioning of tablet for additional errors. Focus is on transmitting handwriting: compare with whiteboard systems?
• [YasuharaM83a] Yasuhara, Makoto "Identification and Decomposition of Fast Handwriting System", Working paper, to appear in IEE Trans. on CAS, Vol 30 No 11, November 1983
  Model of handwriting dynamics motion for fast handwriting (more dynamic).
• [Yedwab81] Yadweb, Laura; Herot, Christopher F.; Rosenberg, Ronni L.; and Gross, Carol "The Automated Desk", SigSmall Newsletter, Vol 7 No 2, October 1981, pp 102-108
  Shneiderman83 cites for direct-manipulation desktop user interface. Desktop UI displayed on character-mode terminal. No stylus/digitizer input shown, uses joystick, arrow keys, keyboard.
• [Yhap81] Yhap, E. F. and Greanias, E. C. "An On-Line Chinese Character Recognition System", IBM Jnl. Research and Development, Vol 25 No 3, May 1981, pp 187-195
  National differences/variability in writing styles (Japanese, Chinese, Korean). Claimed 97.8% accuracy by excluding 5% of data as "poorly written". Stroke order, stroke connection variations in Chinese. The 214 standard Chinese radicals "too many": some are rare. Recognition diagram: signal filter, segment and direction, stroke. Classification, alphabet/element recognition, composite ideograph output. Contrast: features of primitive "stroke element" recognition vs chain code segments.
• [YonekuraH83a] Yonekura, Heihachiro "Transparent planar switch structure and switch unit", European Patent Application EP0088132A1, March 31, 1983
  Transparent touchscreen with anisotropic conductor (transparent silicone rubber with stainless steel fibers to convey touches) and transparent elastic silicone rubber insulator (durable) or polyurethane.
• [Yoshida82] Yoshida, K. and Sakoe, H. "Online Handwritten Character Recognition for a Personal Computer System", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Vol CE-28 No 3, pp 202-209, August 1982
  System connects strokes of "normal" to make "running" forms (variability?), feature is angle sequence (chain codes?). Claims 99.5% accuracy on handwriting recognition.
• [Yoshida83] Yoshida, K. and Sakoe, H. "Online Character Recognition by Stack DP Matching Method", PRL83-29, September 27, 1983 (in Japanese, abstract in English)
  Character represented as branches in a reference pattern feature sequence. Detail "discrimination logics" for character which the regular method cannot handle. Kanji and Hiragana handwriting.

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