Maximum Available Desk-to-Eye Distance for Students in Grades One and Two:
Regional Norms and Statistical Comparison to Distance Used for Near Point Screening

      Main Thesis Page     

References

1. (Adams et al 1984) Adams, A. J., Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., Brown, B., and Jampolsky, A. (1984). Predicting visual resolution from detection thresholds. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(6), 371-376.

2. (American Association of Ophthalmology 1971)
   Identification of school children requiring eye care: A report to educators and physicians. Washington, DC: Author.

3. (Barbe et al 1987)
   Barbe, W. B., Lucas, V., Wasylyk, T. M., Hackney, C. S., and Braun, L. A. (1987). Zaner-Bloser handwriting: Basic skills and application, Book Two (Teacher's Edition) (Rev. ed.). Columbus, OH: Zaner-Bloser.

4. (Bayle 1942)
   Bayle, E. (1942). The nature and causes of regressive movements in reading. Journal of Exceptional Education, 11(1), 16-36.

5. (Bell et al 1978)
   Bell, M. E., Davidson, E., and Veal, R. C. (1978). I learn to write: Transition teacher's guide (3rd ed.). New York: McCormick-Mathers.

6. (Belloc 1962)
   Belloc, N. B. (1962). School vision screening in the United States. The Sight-Saving Review, 32(4), 194-198.

7. (Bierman 1978)
   Bierman, A. (1978). The Harmon distance. Pennsylvania Optometrist, 38(1), 15.

8. (Borish 1970)
   Borish, I. M. (1970). Clinical refraction (3rd ed.). New York: Professional Press Books.

9. (Brent and Arstikaitis 1983)
   Brent, H. P., and Arstikaitis, M. (1983). Correction of refractive errors. In J. S. Crawford and J. D. Morin (Eds.), The eye in childhood (pp. 33-38). New York: Grune and Stratton.

10. (Buncie 1983)
    Buncie ...

11. (Bromberg et al 1984)
    Bromberg, J., Jaycox, S., Poirier, R. D., and Simonse, A. (1984). Results of the NSPB/ASHA Vision Screening Requirement Survey. New York: National Society to Prevent Blindness.

12. (CFBISD 86)
    Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District. (1986). Registration card. Carrollton, TX: Author.

13. (Cashell and Durran 1971)
    Cashell, G. T. W. and Durran, I. M. (1971). Handbook of orthoptic principles (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston.

14. (Cochran 1983)
    Cochran, W. G. (1983). Planning and analysis of observational studies. (Edited posthumously by L. E. Moses and F. Mosteller.) New York: John Wiley and Sons.

15. (Committee on School Health 1977)
    Committee on School Health. (1977). A guide for health professionals. Evanston, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

16. (Dale 1982)
    Dale, R. T. (1982). Fundamentals of ocular motility and strabismus. New York: Grune and Stratton.

17. (Daum 1984)
    Daum, K. M. (1984). Convergence insufficiency. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(1), 16-22.

18. (Davis 1959)
    Davis, W. J. G. (1959, February). Accommodative esotropia. Southern Medical Journal, 158-162.

19. (Doehring 1976)
    Doehring, D. G. (1976). Acquisition of rapid reading responses, 41(2). Society for Research in Child Development (Monograph series no. 165). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

20. (Doster 1971)
    Doster, M. E. (1971). Vision screening in schools--Why, what, how and when? Clinical Pediatris, 10(1), 662-665.

21. (Eames 1961)
    Eames, T. (1961). Accommodation in school children aged five, six, seven, and eight. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 51(6), 1255-1257.

22. (Ehrlich 1987)
    Ehrlich, D. L. (1987). Near vision stress: Vergence adaptation and accommodative fatigue. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 7(4), 353-357.

23. (Foerster 1979)
    Foerster, L. M. (1979). Handwriting to communication. Austin, TX: Bensom.

24. (Fox 1973)
    Fox, S. L. (1973). Industrial and occupational ophthalmology. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.

25. (Francis 1973)
    Francis, L. J. (1973). The relationship of eye anomalies and reading ability, and an analysis of vision-screening programs (Vols. 1 and 2). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

26. (Gilbert 1940)
    Gilbert, L. C. (1940). Effect on silent reading of attempting to follow oral reading. Elementary School Journal, 40, 614-621.

27. (Gilbert 1942)
    Gilbert, L. C. (1959). Influence of interfering stimuli on perception of meaningful material. California Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 15-23.

28. (Gilbert and Gilbert 1942)
    Gilbert, L. C., and Gilbert, D. W. (1942). Reading before the eye-movement camera versus reading away from it. Elementary School JOurnal, 42, 443-447.

29. (Gillie 1962)
    Gillie, J. C. (1962). Aberrant vergence movements in heterophoria and heterotropia. Transactions of the International Ophthalmic Optical Congress, 1961 (pp. 596-605). London: Crosby, Lockwood, and Sons.

30. (Gilmartin and Hogan 1985)
    Gilmartin, B., and Hogan, R. E. (1985). The role of the sympathetic nervous system in ocular accommodation and ametropia. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 5(1), 91-93.

31. (Ginsburg 1984)
    Ginsburg, A. P. (1984). A new contrast sensitivity vision test chart. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(6), 403-407.

32. (Gonzalez 1983)
    Gonzalez, C. (1983). Strabismus and ocular motility. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

33. (Goss 1986)
    Goss, D. A. (1986). Effect of bifocal lenses on the rate of childhood myopia progression. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 63(2), 135-141.

34. (Gray 1963)
    Gray, L. (1963). Teaching children to read (3rd ed.). New York: Ronald Press.

35. (Haag 1972)
    Haag, J. H. (1972). School health program. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

36. (Harmon 1949)
    Harmon, D. B. (1949). The coordinated classroom. Grand Rapids, MI: American Seating Company.

37. (Harmon 1965)
    Harmon, D. B. (1965). Restrained performance as a contributing cause of visual problems. Chula Vista, CA: College of Optometric Vision Development.

38. (Harmon 1958)
    Harmon, D. B. (1958). Dynamic theory of vision (abstract). Duncan, OK: Optometric Extension Program Foundation.

39. (Harwood 1984)
    Harwood, L. (1984). Vision screening and the private practitioner--A status report. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(6), 364-366.

40. (Hatfield 1979)
    Hatfield, E. M. (1979). Methods and standards for screening pre-school children. The Sightsaving Review, 49(2), 71-83.

41. (Hennesey, Iosue and Rouse 1984)
    Hennessey, D., Iosue, A. A., and Rouse, M. W. (1984). Relation of symptoms to accommodative infacility of school-aged children. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(3), 177-183.

42. (Henson 1983)
    Henson, D. B. (1983). Optometric instrumentation. London: Butterworth's.

43. (Hurst 1964)
    Hurst, W. A. (1964). Vision and reading achievement. Canadian Journal of Optometry, 25(4), 3-19.

44. (Hurst 1967)
    Hurst, W. A. (1967). A basis for diagnosing and treating learning disabilities within the school system. Canadian Journal of Optometry, 29(2), 46-59.

45. (Ikeda and Saida 1978)
    Ikeda, M., and Saida, S. (1978). Span of recognition in reading. Vision Research, 18(10), 83-88.

46. (Johnson 1987)
    Johnson, B. K. (1987). HBJ Handwriting (Teacher's Edition). Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich.

47. (Keeney 1966)
    Keeney, A. H. (1966). Development of vision. In Frank Falkner (Ed.), Human Development (pp. 459-464). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.

48. (King 1987)
    King, F. M. (1987). Palmer method: Grade two. Naples, FL: A. N. Palmer.

49. (Köhler and Stigmar 1981)
    Köhler, L., and Stigmar, G. (1981). Testing for hypermetropia in the school vision screening programme. Acta Ophthalmologica, 59(3), 369-377.

50. (Kruger 1977)
    Kruger, P. B. (1977). Changes in fundus reflex luminance with increased cognitive processing. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 54(7), 445-451.

51. (Kruger 1978)
    Kruger, P. B. (1978). The effect of accommodative changes on the brightness of the fundus reflex. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 49(1), 47-49.

52. (Lebensohn 1936)
    Lebensohn, J. E. (1936). Scientific and practical considerations involved in the near-vision test with presentation of a practical and informative near-vision chart. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 19(2), 110-117.

53. (Lebensohn 1958)
    Lebensohn, J. E. (1958). Visual acuity tests for near- implications and correlations. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 45(4), 127-133.

54. (Letourneau, Lapierre and Lamont 1979)
    Letourneau, J. E., Lapierre, N., and Lamont, A. (1979). The relationship between convergence insufficiency and school achievement. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 56(1), 18-22.

55. (Lippmann 1962)
    Lippmann, O. (1962). Eye screening. Archives of Ophthalmology, 68(5), 692-706.

56. (Mandal 1984)
    Mandal, A. C. (1984). The correct height of school furniture. Physiotherapy, 13(1), 81-86.

57. (Marr and Kamil 1981)
    Marr, M. B., and Kamil, M. L. (1981). Single word decoding and comprehension: A constructive replication. Journal of Reading Behavior, 13(1), 81-86.

58. (Martin 1954)
    Martin, W. E. (1954). The functional body measurements of school-age children. Joint project of U.S. Office of Education, University of Michigan and National School Service Institute. Chicago: National School Service Institute.

59. (Mason 1962)
    Mason, T. S. (1962). Clinical aspects of convergence and accommodative efforts. Transactions of the International Ophthalmic Optical Congress, 1961 (pp. 585-595). London: Crosby, Lockwood and Son.

60. (Mehr and Freid 1976)
    Mehr, E. B., and Freid, A. N. (1976). Techniques, instruments, cases. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 53(6), 314-317.

61. (Michaels 1975)
    Michaels, D. D. (1975). Visual optics and refraction (1st ed.). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby

62. (Michaels 1980)
    Michaels, D. D. (1980). Visual optics and refraction (2nd ed.). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby

63. (Michaels 1985)
    Michaels, D. D. (1985). Visual optics and refraction (3rd ed.). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby

64. (Myrowitz 1984)
    Myrowitz, E. (1984). A public health perspective on vision. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(6), 359-360.

65. (NAVPC 1981)
    National Association of Vision Program Consultants (NAVPC). (1981). Guidelines for developing eye health programs for children. Washingnton, DC: Author.

66. (NSPB 1982)
    National Society to Prevent Blindness. (1982). Children's eye health guide. New York: Author.

67. (NoruÆis 1985)
    NoruÆis, M. J. (1985). Advanced statistics guide. New York: McGraw-Hill.

68. (Peters 1984)
    Peters, H. B. (1984). The Orinda study. American Journal

69. (Petersen 1974)
    Petersen, R. A. (1974). Vision screening and the detection of amblyopia in children. The Sight-Saving Review, 44(2), 85-88.

70. (Petrie, Tumblin, and Miller 1979)
    Petrie, V. E., Tumblin, J. C., and Miller, S. C. (1979). The American Optometric Association guidelines on vision screening. St. Louis: American Optometric Association.

71. (Pickwell, Jenkins, and Yekta 1987)
    Pickwell, D., Jenkins, T., and Yekta, A. A. (1987). The effect on fixation disparity and associated heterophoria of reading at an abnormally close distance. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 7(4), 345-347.

72. (Potts 1972)
    Potts, A. M. (1972). The assessment of visual function. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.

73. (Pringle and Ramsey 1982)
    Pringle, S. M., and Ramsey, B. E. (1982). Promoting the health of Children. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.

74. (Radke and Blackhurst 1978)
    Radke, E., and Blackhurst, R. T. (1978). Preschool screening of vision: The Michigan experience. Sight-Saving Review, 48(3), 99-105.

75. (Richards 1973)
    Richards, R. D. (1973). Ophthalmologic disorders. Flushing, NY: Medical Examination Publishing.

76. (Rosner 1982)
    Rosner, J. (1982). Pediatric optometry. Boston: Butterworths.

77. (Rouse, Hutter, and Shiftlett 1984)
    Rouse, M. W., Hutter, R. F., and Shiftlett, R. (1984). A normative study of the lag in elementary school children. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(11), 693-697.

78. (Rubino and Minden 1973)
    Rubino, C. A., and Minden, H. A. (1973). An analysis of eye movements in children with a reading disability. Cortex, 9(2), 217-220.

79. (Sheie and Albert 1977)
    Scheie, H. G., and Albert, C. M. (1977). Textbook of ophthalmology (9th ed.). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders

80. (Shaw 1908)
    Shaw, E. R. (1908). School hygiene. New York: MacMillan.

81. (Sheridan 1979)
    Sheridan, M. D. (1979). The clinical assessment of visual competency in babies and young children. In V. Smith and J. Keen (Eds.), Visual handicap in children (Clinics in Developmental Medicine #73) (pp. 6-15). Lavenhem, Suffolk, U.K.: Lavenhem Press.

82. (Sloan 1959)
    Sloan, L. L. (1959). New test charts for the measurement of visual acuity at far and near distances. American Jounal of Optometry, 48(6), 807-813.

83. (Solan 1962)
    Solan, H. A. (1962). Visual processing training with the tachistoscope: A rationale and grade one norms. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2, 30-36.

84. (Spache 1976)
    Spache, G. (1976). Investigating the issues of reading disabilities. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

85. (Stein and Fowler 1982)
    Stein, J. F., and Fowler, M.S. (1982). Diagnosis of dyslexia by means of a new indicator of eye dominance. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 66(1), 332-336.

86. (Stein and Fowler 1985)
    Stein, J. F., and Fowler, M.S. (1985). Effect of monocular occlusion on visuomotor perception and reading in dyslexic children. The Lancet, 2(8446), 69-73.

87. (Stein, Riddell, and Fowler 1986)
    Stein, J. F., Riddell, P. M., and Fowler, M. S. (1986). The Dunlop Test and reading in primary school children. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 70(4), 317-320.

88. (Stennett et al 1973)
    Stennett, R. G., Smythe, P. C., Pinkney, J., and Fairbairn, A. (1973). The relationship of eye movement measures to psychomotor skills and other elemental skills involved in learning to read. Journal of Reading Behavior, 5(1), 1-13.

89. (Tansill 1985)
    Tansill, B. C. (Ed.) Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology (4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

90. (Taylor 1962)
    Taylor, S. E. (1962). Eye-movement photography. Huntington, NY: Educational DEvelopment Laboratories.

91. (Taylor 1965)
    Taylor, S. E. (1965). Eye movements in reading: Facts and fallacies. American Educational Research Journal, 2, 187-202. 187-202.

92. (Thurber 1987)
    Thurber, D. N. (1987). D'Nealian handwriting, Book One: Teacher's Edition (2nd ed.). Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

93. (Tinker 1958)
    Tinker, M. A. (1958). Recent studies of eye movement in reading. Psychological Bulletin, 55(4), 215-231.

94. (Townsend 1978)
    Townsend, R. M. (1978). Writing on, Grade two: Imaginary line handwriting series. Austin: Steck-Vaughn.

95. (Trobe 1975)
    Trobe, J. D. (1975). Problems of eye care delivery. Survey of Ophthalmology, 20(3), 205.

96. (Valadian and Porter 1977)
    Valadian, I., and Porter, D. (1977). Physical growth and development from conception to maturity. Boston: Little, Brown.

97. (Verma 1984)
    Verma, S. (1984). Vision screening of specialized populations. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 61(6), 367-370.

98. (Von Noorden 1980)
    Von Noorden, G. K. (1980). Burian-Von Noordon's binocular vision and ocular motility (2nd ed.). St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.

99. (Waters 1952)
    Waters, H. B. (1952). The new approach to optical dispensing. Culver City, CA: Murray and Gee.

100. (Westheimer 1978)
     Westheimer, G. (1978). On screening with the Snellen chart. The Sightsaving Review, 48(1), 40.

101. (Whittington 1958)
     Whittington, T. H. (1958). The art of clinical refraction. London: Oxford University Press.

102. (Wold 1967)
     Wold, R. M. (1967). The spectacle amplitude of accommodation of children ages six to ten years. American Journal of Optometry, 44(10), 642-664.

103. (Zellers, Alpert, and Rouse 1984)
     Zellers, J. A., Alpert, T. L., and Rouse, M. W. (1984). A review of the literature and a normative study of accommodative facility. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 55(1), 31-37.

      Main Thesis Page